ka kudkudND.gives as the present of bku. kumkumDS. kum[DS].kum[DS].DS. (archaic) To die DS. Compare 'gum kerkerCD, DK, DS, TC.kerdDK, ker[DS].TC.kerDK, TC, [DS].kerdDK. -TC.TC.(Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To erect, to point a finger toward the sky DK. To raise, lift up CD. To raise up (e.g. a finger) DS. To arise, get up TC. kongkongDK gives as the present of bkong. krangkrang(Gyurme 1992: 150-152), (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). (archaic, main verb un-negated) Signifies the successful execution of an action (Gyurme 1992: 150-152).(archaic) A question word similar to gam, ngam, &c. (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). Compare grang2 krabskrabs LZ gives as the present of bkrab krongskrongsLZ gives as the present of dgrongs klanklan[CD], DS, TC.klan[DS].klan[CD], [DS].DS, (Skorupski 2001). 1. To wreak revenge for. [2. To mend, to patch] CD. 1. To avenge, to take revenge. 2. To answer, counter DS. (archaic) To answer, counter TC. klalklalCD, (DS) give as a present of glal. klasklas(Li & Coblin 1987), [TC], (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). To be beyond, further than (Li & Coblin 1987). 1. To forget. 2. To arrive at the depths, meet the limit. 3. To understand (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997).CD, DS, TC prefer to see this as an adjective. klub1klubCD, DK.klubsCD, DK.klubDK.klubsDK.lhub pa(Chang 1971: iv.13). To cover the body with ornaments (Ja), to put on luxuriously (Cs), to set up a tent CD. To put on; to wear DK. Root given as klub < *s-'-lhub, *b-lhub? (Chang 1971: iv.12) klub2klubsLZ.klubDK, DS, TC.blubs(see note). bklubsLZ, DK, DS, TC. klubsLZ. bklubDK, DS, TC.lhubs(see note).klubsLZ, DK, DS, TC. DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).lhub pa[Chang 1971: iv.13].na bza' sogsLZ. To adorn, put on another person; to make someone put on DK. To ornament, put on clothes DS. 1. To wear. 2. To adorn, decorate TC. Root given as g + lhub (Hahn 1999). For the form blubs (a. 1680) see (Eimer 1987); (Hahn 1999) suggests the inflection klub, blubs, *klub, *lhubs; for the imperative he compares lhab lhub 'excessively bedecked'. klogklogKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.blags(see note).bklagsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.klagsCD.bklagKYT, KYN, TD,TD has bkrag bya as the future, but this is obviously a mistake. LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.klagCD.klogsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.lhogs(KYN), (ND).KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hackett 2003).mdo snga sogsTD.bka' bstan dang yi ge sogsLZ. yi geND. To read CD, DK. To read aloud DS, TC . Root given as klag < *s-'-lhag (Chang 1971: iv.12), *g + lhag (Hahn 1999). This form was first noted by (Nobel 1955) it is discussed in (de Jong 1974) who finds the forms p+lags, ph+lags, and p+lhags as well. (Hahn 1999) suggests the inflection klog, blags, klag, lhogs. dkagdkagDS.dkag[DS].dkag[DS].DS. (of a melted liquid ) To solidify in the process of cooling DS. dka'dka'ND.dka'[ND]. [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be difficult (Hackett 2003). dkudkuDS, TC.dku[DS], TC.dku[DS], TC.- TC.DS, TC.[Abs, Obl.] (Hackett 2003).To drip, come down, fall DS.1. To brew, exude. 2. To fall. 3. (archaic) To remain, be left behind TC. dkonddkondLZ.dkondLZ.dkonLZ.dkondLZ.'jig rten sogs suLZ. To appear (ngag dbang tshul khrims 1997). dkyudkyuLZ, CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC.'khyusND.dkyusLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.dkyuLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.dkyusLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khyusNWHrta sogsLZ.bros pa'iND. 1. To run a race 2. To wring out; to filter (Sch.) 3. To caper about (Ja) CD. To race, to run away DK. To race (a horse, mule, &c.) DS. To control, ride a horse TC. see note at 'khyus. dkyuddkyudCD. To forget CD. dkridkriLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkriCD.dkrisLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dkriLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.dkrisLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.-ND.NDDS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khri[CD] (Chang 1971: v.6), (Duff). 'khril (Chang 1971: v.6).dar sogs kyisLZ.dar sogsND. 1. (archaic) To conduct one's pupil from one stage of learning to another stage. 2. To wind; to wrap around. 3. To ensnare CD. To wind, to wrap up; to roll up DK. To bind something with string or rope DS. 1. To bind, to tie. 2. To cover, impose, accuse, deprecate TC. dkrigdkrigLZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrigsLZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrigLZ, DK, DS, TC.khrigsLS. dkrigs.DK, DS, TC. DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'khrig(Duff).du sprin sogs.LZ. To make overcast; to gather clouds [sic], to pile up DK. To fill up (with clouds, smoke &c.) DS.To obscure TC. dkrugdkrugLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. dkrugs LZ, DK, DS, TC. dkrug LZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrugsLZ, DK, DS, TC. DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khrug[CD] (Chang 1971: v.6) (Gyurme 1992: 258) (Duff).sprug(Chang 1971: v.6)zho dang thugs sogs.LZ. To disturb, put in motion; to turn, turn on a lathe CD. To stir up; to disturb; to agitate; to disunite; to create differences by instigation DK. 1. To stir, churn (a kind of liquid with a stick). 2. To be unharmonious, disagreeable. 3. To finish, conclude DS. 1. To disturb, stir, churn. 2. To agitate, disrupt. 3. To carve by turning on a lathe TC. Root given as dkrug < *b-krug (Chang 1971: v.6). Compare dkrog. dkrumdkrumLZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrumsLZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrumLZ, DK, DS, TC.dkrumsLZ, DK, DS, TC. DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).cong zhi sogs. LZ. To break; to crack DK. To break into bits DS. To break (fragile objects) TC. dkrogdkrog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dkrogsCD.dkrogsLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. dkrogLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.dkrogsLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. - ND.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). ND.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skrog(Chang 1971: v.6). 'khrog (Gyurme 1992: 258) [Duff].zho sogsLZ. sto dang bya sogs(dkrogs) NDB.zho dang bya sogs(dkrogs) NDA. zho (-) ND. 1. To churn; to agitate, mingle, trouble. 2. To rouse; scare up; to wag, e.g. the tail (Ja) CD. To stir up; to churn; to give a feeling of surprise to; to disturb; to open. DK. 1. To stir, churn. 2. To startle, surprise DS. 1. To churn, agitate, stir. 2. To disturb TC. Root given as dkrog < b-krog (Chang 1971: v.6). Compare dkrug dkroldkrol LZ, DK, TC. give as the present to 'khrol1 bkanbkanLZ, ND, CD, DS, TC.bkandLZ, ND. bkan[DS], TC. bkanLZ, ND. [DS]. TC.bkandLZ, ND. -ND.bkanTC. ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003). NDDS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).lus dang thal mo sogsLZ. lag par sogs(bkand) NDB.lag pa sogs(bkand) NDA.lag pas(-) ND. 1. To up-root, turn up anything by applying a stick at its foot or root. 2. To bend. 3. To put; to press; to apply (Ja). 4. To hold fast; to extend (Cs). CD. 1. To raise up. 2. To firmly press DS. 1. To turn face upwards. 2. To hold firmly, to press down. 3. To neglect TC . bkubku LZ, CD, DS, TC. kud ND.bkusLZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.bkuLZ, ND, DS, TC.kusLZ, ND. bkus DS, TC.LZ, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skudNWH.khu ba 'juice'NWHsman gyi khu ba sogsLZ. sman dang snum sogsND. To make extract of a drug by drawing out the juice CD. To extract juice by boiling DS.To extract a medicinal infusion TC. bkurbkurLZ, CD, DS, TC.'khurND, DKbkurdLZ, ND, DK. bkur [DS], TC.bkurLZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.bkurLZ, TC.khurd ND, DK. TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).mchog dang gong duLZ.gtsug tu ND. I. To pay homage or reverence; to esteem. 2. To slander, to blaspheme CD. To respect, venerate DK. To respect DS.To make offering, serve, respect TC. bkurbkur CD gives as a present to 'khur bkong1bkongLZ, DS, TC. kongDK.bkongsLZ, DK. bkong[DS], TC.bkongLZ, DK, [DS], TC.bkongLZ, TC. kongsDK. TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sba sogsLZ. To break the pride of somebody; to cause to become a coward DK. To discourage, intimidate, humble DS. To frighten, intimidate, discourage TC. Compare 'khong and 'gong bkong2bkongDS.bkong[DS].bkong[DS].DS To be wrinkled DS. bkonbkon LZ, TC. give as the present of 'khon. bkolbkol LZ, TC. give as the present of 'khol3 bkyonbkyonLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bkyondLZ, DK. bkyon[DS], TC.bkyonLZ, DK, [DS], TC.bkyonLZ, TC. bkyondDK. TC.DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).tshig gam bkasLZ. To beat, to chastise CD. To scold; to admonish DK. (honorific) To speak roughly to someone DS. (honorific) To scold, reprimand TC. bkrabkraND.bkra[ND]. To be beautiful, clear, multicolored (CD, TC list as an adjective). bkragsbkrags(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228). [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228). To roast, grill (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228).(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 228) imply a connection to sreg bkrabkrabsLZ. bkrabCD, DS, TC.bkrabsLZ.CD, DS, TC. bkrabLZ.DS, TC.krobsLZ. bkrabsDS. bkrobs TC.DS, TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khor dang grogs sogsLZ. To choose or select from among many CD. (archaic) To select from among many DS. To choose, select TC. bkralbkralCD, TC. 'grel DK.bkralTC. bkrald DK.bkralDK, TC. bkrolTC. 'greld DK.TC.TC.khral 'tax'NWH. To appoint CD. To share tax payment DK. To impose (a tax) TC. bkribkri LZ, CD (archaic), TC. give as the present of 'khrid1 bkrugbkrug(Chang 1971: v.6), (Ja) give as an alternate or erroneous present to dkrug. bkresbkresCD (archaic), DK, TC.bkresDK, TC.bkresDK, TC. bkresDK. - TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).bkres 'hunger' NWH. To be hungry CD, TC. To feel hungry DK. bkrosbkrosCD, DK.bkrosDK.bkrosDK.bkrosDK. To choose; to select. CD, DK. rkambrkamLZ, [CD], TC. rkomND. rkam[CD (archaic)], DK, DS. brkamLZ, TC. brkamsND, DK, DS.brkamLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkam LZ. rkams DK. rkoms ND, DS. - TC.ND, DS.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).zas nor sogs laLZ.'dod laND.To desire, long for (as a child for sweets) DS. To be attached to, to yearn forTC. rkurkuTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkuTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rkusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rkun ma'thief'NWH.gzhan gyi nor sogsTD. gzhan nor sogs LZ. rkun ma ND. To steal; to rob. CD. To steal; to take away unlawfully DK. To steal, to take by sleight the property of another which has not been given or paid for TC. rkorkoKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rkodCD.brkos KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkoKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rkosKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rka 'furrow' (Beyer 1992: 112 n.11).khron pa sogsTD. sa dang dpar sogs LZ. sa drang spar sogs ND. 1. To dig, dig out; to hoe. 2. To engrave; turn up; till CD. To inscribe; to dig; to engrave; to print DK. To dig (a hole in the ground &c.) DS 1. To dig, excavate. 2. To carve out letters and designs (in stone, wood &c.) TC. rkonrkonDK.brkondDK.brkonDK.rkondDK.rkon 'a net, trap' NWH. To trap or catch in a trap. DK From colloquial data (Chang 1971: vii.16) hypothesizes a verb *bskon 'to cause to get caught, hung up i.e. to hang on a peg' as the causative of *khon or *'khon 'to get caught, hung up'. Perhaps DK confirms her hypothesis. rkomrkom ND. gives as the present of rkam rkyagrkyag (CD). gives as a present to skyag rkyalrkyalLZ, CD, DS, TC.brkyalLZ. rkyalDS, TC.rkyalLZ, DS, TC.rkyoldLZ. rkyol DS, TC.LZ, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).chu boLZ. To swim, to amuse oneself by swimming (Ja) CD. To swim DS, TC. rkyongrkyongTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkyangsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brkyangTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rkyongsTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rkang 'foot' (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15).yan lag sogsTD. zhabs sogs LZ. yan lag ND. To stretch, extend, stretch forth (one's hands to a person), put out (the tongue); spread; distend (the wings, a curtain) CD. To stretch out one's arms; to extend DK. To extend, stretch (the feet, hands &c.) DS. To stretch, spread out, extend TC. Related to rgyong(Duff). lkugslkug DK. lkugs DS, TC. lkugsDK, [DS], TC.lkug DK. lkugs[DS]. TC. lkugsDK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).lkug 'dumb, mute' NWH. To become foolish; to become dumb DK. To become unable to speak clearly DS. To be dumb, to be unable to talk, to loose one's voice TC. skadskadCD, DS.skad[DS].skad[DS].DS.skad 'language, speech' NWH. To say, tell, relate CD. The written equivalent of zhes and zer which mark the end of quoted speech DS. skamskamDK, (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Hoshi 2003).bskamsDK.skam(Hoshi 2003).bskamDK.skamsDK.(Hoshi 2003).(Gyurme 1992: 249). To make thirsty DK. To dry up, dry out (Gyurme 1992: 249), (Hoshi 2003). Compare skem skarskarCD.bskarCD.skorCD.CD. To hang up; to weigh. CD. skusku DK gives as an alternate present to skud. skugskugDS, TC.bskugsDS, TC. bskugDS, TC.skugsDS, TC. DS, TC. DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). For the winner not comply with the game of taking wealth, after a dispute over victory and defeat DS. To make a bet, to bet, to gambol TC. skungskungLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskungsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskungLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskungsLZ, ND, DS, TC. ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dben pa sogs suLZ. sbed pa'i ND. To hide in the ground, to bury, to inter CD. To hide; to keep secret DK. 1. To hide away. 2. To write the symbol 'X' as a substitute for following words which are repeated in lines of verse, or other expression DS. To hide, conceal TC. skudskudTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sku DK. bskusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskuTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bkuNWH.snu ma sogs.TD, ND. sman sogs LZ. To smear, to besmear; to daub CD. To anoint; to apply oil or ointment DK. To put (dye, oil &c.) on the surface of something DS. To apply, put on, cover, smear TC. skumskumTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskumsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskumTDTD seems to have dskum bya as the future, but bskum must be meant., LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skumsTD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. skum LZ. TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khum(Chang 1971: v.i), (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Beyer 1992: 116).yan lag sogsTD, LZ. rkang lag sogs LZ. To contract; to be drawn up; to be paralyzed CD. To withdraw, to draw in; to make shorter or smaller; to contract; to conceal DK. The opposite of produce, extend DS. 1. To contract, bend, pull in. 2. To conceal, to obfuscate TC. skurskurKYN, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskurdKYN, [CD], ND, DK, bskur DS, TC.bskurKYN, ND, DK, DS, TC. skurdKYN, ND, DK, skur DS, TC.KYN, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khur(Gyurme 1992: 259). dbang dang 'ganND. To bestow, give, send CD. To make someone carry; to send; to cause to venerate on, to make someone pay respect DK. 1. To deliver to the place of delivery by entrusting (a thing, letter &c.) with another person, post office. 2. For something to be carried (on the water, wind &c.) DS. 1. To send, dispatch. 2. To give, bestow, entrust, assign TC. skulskul KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskuldKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. bskul CD, DS, TC.bskulKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skuldKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. skul DS, TC. KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs] (Hackett 2003).chos bskul sogs.TD thug rgyud las sogs la LZ. las la dang dge la ND. To excite; to exhort, admonish, enjoin CD. To induce; exhort, urge; to request to do something; to persuade DK. To motivate, incite DS. 1. To induce, compel, persuade. 2. To incite, motivate TC. skem1skemTD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. skemsND.skamDK.bskamsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskamTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skomsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. skems DK. skams DK. TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skem, skam 'dry' NWH.chu sogsTD, NDNDB is unclear, []lu sogs?. gos gsher ba dang me tog sogs LZ. To make dry, to dry up CD. To dry DK. To make fewer, to dehydrate DS. . To dry out, to dry TC. skem2skemsND. skem DS.bskamsND, DS.bskamND, DS.-ND, DS. ND, DS.DS.skem, skam 'dry' NWH.khaNDA, kha sogsNDB. To wilt (of plants), become dry DS. skoskoTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bskosTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bskoTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. skosTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).dpon gyog sogsTD.las sne sogsLZ.rgyal sarND. To select; to appoint, nominate, commission, charge CD. To appoint DK. For leaders or people to give responsibility to a person for a task DS. To appoint. 2. To be determined by the power of past deeds TC.(Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with mkhos/khos/khod 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, 'khod, and 'god. skong1skongKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bskangsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bskangKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. skongsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skang ba 'satisfaction' (Rona-Tas 1985: 179).thugs dam sogsTD.thugs dam dang re ba sogsLZ.thugs damND. To fulfill CD. To complete; to add; to satisfy, fulfill a wish DK. 1. To fulfill. 2. To make up a deficiency; to supplement TC. skong2skongTC.bskongsTC.bskongTC.skongsTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To summon, convene TC. skonskonKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskondKYN, LZ, ND, DK.bskonCD, DS, TC.bskonKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skondKYN, LZ, ND, DK.skonCD, DS, TCKYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gon(Chang 1971: vii.16, see note) (Gyurme 1992: 259). gyon (Gyurme 1992: 259) (Duff) 'khon(Chang vii.16, see note)khrab rmog lta bu sogsLZ.gos sogsND. To dress; to clothe another person CD. To make someone put on a dress or an ornament DK. 1. To make someone wear (wools, a hat &c.). 2. To cause an action similar to the wearing of hats or clothes (e.g. bridle a horse, tie a rope around a calf's neck) DS. To dress, put on clothes, to cover TC.Written Tibetan skon, bskon, bskon 'to dress, to clothe another person': gon 'to put on (clothes, shoes)' appears to be an example of the devoicing caused by s similar to spub, 'bub. Our spoken Tibetan data, however, does not confirm this meaning of skon, suggesting rather two bases, *kon 'to get caught', and *gon 'to get dressed' (Chang 1971: viii.15). skomskomDS, TC. skom[DS]. skoms TC.skom[DS], TC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skom 'dry' NWH. For a desire to drink to arise when the liquid of the body is depleted DS. To suffer because the wetness within the mouth has dried TC. Compare skam and skem. skor1skorTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskordTD, LZ, ND, DK.bskorCD, DS, TC.bskorTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skordTD, LZ, ND, DK. skor DS, TC.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 247).[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khor(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).chos 'khor sogsTD.lha khang dang rten laLZ.'khor barND. 1. To fill with; to surround, encircle, enclose, besiege; to come again and again; to revolve. 2. To traverse, ride round a thing. 3. To circumambulate CD. To turn round; to turn a wheel; to take a round; to encircle, surround DK. 1. To make something turn around the circumference of a center. 2. To lead, take control. 3. To encircle, surround. 4. To change directions, shift allegiances. 5. To trick, mislead DS. 1. To turn around, rotate. 2. To surround, encircle TC.(Beyer 1992: 83) suggest that skyor is a palatalized version of this verb, however skor has the root vowel o and skyor the root vowel a, so his analysis is unlikely. skor2skorDS, TC.bskorDS, TC.bskorDS, TC.skorDS, TC.DS, TC.DS. TC. To go, wander, roam, loaf DS. To wander, to roam, to move about TC. In Situ's great commentary only bskor and not skor is given DS. skolskolLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskoldLZ, ND, DK.bskolCD, DS, TC.bskolLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skoldLZ, ND, DK. skolDS, TC. ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hackett 2003).'kholCD, (Chang 1971: v.1), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116).za sogsLZ.za dang chuNDB.za dang chu sogsNDA. To boil CD, DK, TC. skyaskyasLZ. skyaCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyasLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyaLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyosND, DS, TC. skyasLZ, DK.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gzhi dang rus pa sogsLZ. 'pho ba'iND. 1. To carry; convey to a place (a quantity of stones, wood, water, &c.). 2. To change place CD. To move one's residence or dwelling; to migrate, transfer DK. 1. To move, to move from one place to another, to migrate. 2. (archaic) To deliver, convey TC. skyagskyagCD. rkyag(CD).bskyogsCD.bskyagCD.skyogCD. 1. To spread, lay out, expand. 2. (in West) To slaughter, murder (Ja) CD.CD suggests comparison with 'gyag skyadskyadDK.bskyadDK.bskyadDK.skyadDK[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To kill DK. 1. To kill. 2. To compete [Lishi gur khang] skyasskyasLZ. gives as the present of skya skyiskyiLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyisLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyiLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyisLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gzhan las gser dngul sogsLZ.nor sogsND. To borrow, especially money or goods CD. To lend; to borrow; to give or take something on loan DK. To loan, borrow TC. Certainly the same verb as skyinNWH. skyig1skyigDK.bskyigsDK.bskyigDK.skyigsDK To cause to tie, to fasten DK. skyig2skyig(Ja). To hiccup (Ja). skyinskyinCD, DK.bskyinCD.bskyindDK.bskyinDK.skyindDK.skyin pa 'loan' NWH. To borrow CD. To lend, to borrow CD. Compare skyi. skyilskyilLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyildLZ. ND, DK.bskyilCD, DS, TC.bskyilLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyildLZ, ND, DK. skyilDS, TC. ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khyil(Chang 1971: v.3) (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116).mtsho dnag chu sogsLZ.chu sogsND. 1. To pen up, shut up; to dam up a river. 2. (Ja) to bend, especially the legs when sitting on the ground after the oriental fashion. To bend in another's leg by a kick from behind; to bend the bow CD. To dam; to store DK. 1. To dam up, to pen up, contain. 2. To keep TC. skyug1skyugCD, ND, DK.skyugsCD, ND, DK.skyugND, DK.skyugsND, DK.ND.skyug pa 'vomit, purgative' NWH.kong nadND. To vomit, to eject (e.g. blood). 2. To lose color, to stain CD. To vomit; to come out forcefully DK. skyug2skyugDK, DS, TC.bskyugsDK, DS, TC.bskyugDK, DS, TC.skyugsDK, DS, TC.DS, TC.TCDS[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skyug pa 'vomit, purgative'NWH. To cause to vomit DK. To release the contents of the viscera from the mouth DS. To vomit, to wretch TC. skyungskyungLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TCbskyungsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TCbskyungLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TCskyungsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC CD, ND, DS, TCDS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). khengs pa sogsLZ.nyung duND. 1. To diminish, reduce. 2. (Ja) (In central Tibet) to leave behind; to lay aside (a task). CD To reduce or diminish one's prive or voice; to subdue; to give up DK.DS 1. To cast off, leave far behind, to abandon and put behind; to give up completely, to discard completely. 2. To lessen (in amount, degree), to reduce (in size, extent) TC (Duff).bskyudLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyudLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyudLZ, ND, DK, DS. - TC. ND, DS. TC.DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sems laLZ.brjed byaND. 1. To forget. 2. To leave off (Ja). 3. To communicate, swallow (Sch.) CD. To forget; to fail to recall DK. (archaic) To forget DS. To forget TC. skyurskyur LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyurdLZ, ND, DK.bskyurCD, DS, TC.bskyurLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyurdLZ, ND, DK. skyurDS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khyur(Chang 1971: v.4), (Beyer 1992: 116).bya ba ngan pa sogs rgyab tuLZ.phar laND. To throw, to cast; to leave off CD. To throw or to cast off, to renounce or give up DK. 1. To throw away, discard (rubbish). 2. To abandon, leave behind (homeland, troubles) DS. 1. (Mental) To give up on, to abandon, to forsake, to go back on something which one has previously adhered to, to leave behind something for something else seen as better. 2. (Physical) To toss off, away, to cast off something which is now seen as rubbish or as useless TC (Duff). skyeskyeLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.skyesLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.skyeLZ, DK, DS, TC.skyeLZ. skyesDK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyed (Laufer 1915: 62).skye ba 'birth', skye bu 'person' NWH.srid pa sogs suLZ. To be born, arise CD. To be born; to come out newly DK. 1. kinds of vegetation having first sprouted a shoot, to develop fruit. 2. To issues from the mother's womb. 3. To mature, rise up like the sprouting of vegetation. 4. To become larger or longer. 5. To arise, occur DS. 1. To be born, to arise, to grow anew. 2. To grow, increase TC. skyeng1skyengCD, DK. skyengs CD. DS, TC.skyengsDK, [DS], TC.skyengDK.skyengs[DS], TC. skyengsDK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be ashamed CD. To be ashamed; to be embarrassed DK, DS. To be abashed, embarrassed, circumspect (especially regarding speech) TC (Duff). I could see here two verbs (skyengs, skyengs, skyengs, - ) and (skyeng, skyengs, skyeng, skyengs) the evidence is insufficient to decide. skyeng2skyeng DK.bskyengsDK.bskyeng DK. skyengsDK. To make shameful or to cause to be ashamed; to belittle; to bring down DK. skyedskyedLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyedLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyedLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyedLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skye(Laufer 1915: 62), (Duff).cho ga dang bu sogsLZ.lha sogs dang semsND. To procreate, generate, bring forth. give birth to CD. To make progress, to increase, widen DK. skyemskyemCD. skyems[CD]. To be thirsty CD. Root given as skyem < skyam < skam (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). skyelskyeldLZ, ND.skyelCD, DK, DS, TC.bskyaldLZ, NDBNDB seems to have bskyamd which must be in fact bskyald. NDA has bskyal., DK.bskyalCD, NDA, DS, TC.bskyalLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyoldLZ, ND, DK.skyol CD, (DK), DS, TC. LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gto mdos sogsLZ.gnas suND. 1. To carry, to take away. 2. To send. 3. To risk, to stake (one's life). 4. To use, to employ CD. To deliver a person or thing; to see off, to kiss; to lose; to vow; to accomplish DK. 1. To go from one place to another place accompanying another person in order to show love, to protect, or supervise. 2. To raise a thing from one place to another place. 3. To use, employ. 4. To finish, perfect DS. 1.To escort, to see off. 2. To send, transport, deliver, 3. To do, to apply. 4. To pass, spend (of time) TC. Root given as skyal Compare 'khyol skyelskyelCD. bskyelCD.bskyelCD.skyolCD.TC.DS, TC. To conduct, accompany CD. skyoskyoDK, DS, TC.skyoDK, [DS], TC.skyoDK, [DS], TC.skyoDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyo 'grief, sorrow' NWH. To be sad, to be gloomy DK. 1. To be irritated. 2. To be disaffected DS. 1. To be sad, to be miserable. 2. To be fed up with, to be weary of, to be disenchanted with, to have distaste for TC (Duff). skyogskyogCD, DK, DS, TC.bskyogsDK, DS, TC.bskyogDK, DS, TC.skyogsDK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To turn, to turn away, aside CD. To turn aside, to drive aside DK. 1. To change direction. 2. To bend, make crooked DS. 1. To turn. 2. To move over, to give way TC. skyong1skyongDS.skyong[DS].skyong[DS].DS. To go on a long road DS. skyong2skyongE TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyangsTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bskyongs CD.bskyangTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyong(Zeisler 2004: 349).skyongsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).drin gyisTD.brtse ba dang drin gyisLZ.drin gyis bon [tshes]B bstan pa sogsND. To guard; to keep; to defend; to save; to preserve CD. To look after; to nurse, cherish; to take care of; to administer DK. 1. To look after, support, take care of. 2. To supervise, direct, support DS. 1. To sustain, take care of, tend, look after. 2. To protect, guard. 3. To manage, do, hold, control, carry out TC. skyod1skyodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bskyodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bskyodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.skyod LZ, DK, DS.-TC.ND, DS. TC. CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gnas sogs dang rlung gisLZ. To move; to go, pass on CD. To move DK. To move, agitate DS. To move, stir, agitate TC. skyod2skyodCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyodCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyodCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyod ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). CD.DS, TC.gom pa'i zhabs kyisND. (In West) (Respectful) To go, to walk CD. To cause to go or proceed DK. To go DS. To go TC. skyon1skyonDK.skyondDK.skyonDK.skyondDK. To make defective; to become defective DK. skyon2skyondLZ. skyon CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyonLZ, CD, DS, TC. bskyond ND, DK.bskyonLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyondLZ, ND, DK. skyon DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hackett 2003).zhon(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).rta dang gsal shing sogs laLZ.rta laNDB.rta la sogsNDA. To put astride upon a thing CD. To put on a horse DK. 1. To have mount, place astride. 2. To place on top of. 3. To make (someone) wear, to dress (someone) DS. 1. To place someone on a horse, to put astride. 2. To place above, place upon. 3. (honorific) Equivalent of the auxiliary verb rgyagTC. Compare gyon, gon skyon3skyon(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 176). Suffixed to nouns in order to create verbs, very common in the colloquial. In this respect it is the honorific corresponding to rgyagNWH. (Honorific) Equivalent to rgyag paTC. skyobskyobKYN , TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyabsKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyabKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyobsKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Abl.] (Hahn 1994: 108). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).khyab[Coblin 1986].nye pa sogsTD.'jigs pa dnag sdug sngal sogs lasLZ.'jigs pa laND. To protect; to defend, preserve, save CD. To protect, give shelter; to defend, to rescue DK. To help, save from danger DS. To protect TC. Related to the noun skyob 'protection, refuge'. (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15) suggests that this verb is a palatalized version of gab 'cover, protect' though he does not account for the voicing difference. skyomskyomLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyamsLZ, ND, DK, TC. bskyoms CD, DS.bskyamLZ, ND, DK, TC. bskyom CD, DS.skyomsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khyom(Chang 1971: v .4), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).mtso sogsLZ.snod sogsND. (Rare in colloquial) 1. To pour; to pout out, agitate, stir up. 2. (Lex) To give CD. To swish, to stir a liquid; to cause turbulence DK. To stir, agitate (a liquid) DS. To stir, shake TC. skyor1skyor[LZ],CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskyarCD, DS, TC.bskyardND, DK.bskyar[LZ],CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skyord[LZ], ND, DK. skyor DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).slar yangLZ.yang yangND. To repeat, recite by heart CD. To repeat; to do, make something again; to reproduce, imitate; to recite DK. To read aloud, repeat DS. To repeat, to do over again TC (Duff).LZ lists a verb (skyor, bskyord, bskyar, skyord) which is a conflation of this verb and the following. (Beyer 1992: 83) suggest that skyor is a palatalized version of skor, however skor has the root vowel o and skyor the root vowel a, so his analysis is unlikely. skyor2skyor[LZ], DK, DS, TC.bskyord[LZ], DK. bskyor DS, TC.bskyorDK, DS, TC.skyord[LZ], DK. skyor DS, TC.[LZ], DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To hold up, to prop, to paste CD. To support upright; to support from al sides so as to stand; to help, to support DK. 1. To prevent a person or thing from falling down. 2. To help, do, protect DS. To support, prop up, brace TC. skragskragCD, DK, DS, TC.skragsDK. skrag[DS], TC.skragDK, [DS], TC.skragsDK.-TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). (nearly always combined with 'jigs pa) To be terrified, frightened, afraid of something CD. To be frightened, to be terrified DK. To become afraid DS. To be afraid TC. Cognate with adjective skrag 'scary'. skrangskrangCD, DK, (DS), TC. skrangsDS.skrangsCD, DK, [DS], TC. skrang [(DS)].skrangDK, [(DS)], TC. skrangs [DS].skrangs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To swell CD. To swell, be swollen DK. For the flesh to swell up due to injury to the body or illness DS. To swell up TC. skrabskrabLZ, CD, DK.bskrabsLZ, DK.bskrabLZ, DK.skrabsLZ, DK.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khrabNWH.bro dang rkang stabs sogsLZ. To beat the ground with one's feet; to stamp, tread; to dance CD. To cause to dance; to cause to select DK.DS gives skrab as an archaic word for bro 'khrab. skriskriCD (archaic), ND, TC. (archaic).bskrisND.bskriND.skrisND. skri [TC] ND.khagND. To conduct, to send (Cs.) CD. To give, send TC. skruskruLZ, CD (archaic), DK, DS, TC.bskrusLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. skrus (see note)bskruLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.skrus LZ, DK, DS, TC.LZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).shing gi yal ga dang gzhan la thabs kyisLZ. To wait (Sch.); to cut CD. To beg for food, to make a hole by digging or cutting; to hollow out DK. To cut; to deceive DS. 1. To beg. 2. (archaic) To deceive. 3. To cut into pieces TC. skrudskrudCD (archaic).To make another run away by devicesCD. Root given as skrud skrunskrunTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskrundTD, LZ, ND, DK. bskrun CD, DS, TC.bskrunTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.skrund TDTD appears to list skund as the imperative, a mistake for skrund., LZ, ND, DK. skrun DS, TC. TD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).mnyu gu sog [sic]TD.mnyu gu sogsLZ.dge rtsa bsyed paND. To produce CD. To establish, to build; to make DK. 1. To print a book. 2. To make, produce DS. To make, construct, build, invent, produce TC. skresskres(Gyurme 1992: 258). sres((Gyurme 1992: 258)).'dres(Gyurme 1992: 258). To mix (Gyurme 1992: 258). given as the primary spelling of sre skrogskrogLZ, CD, DS, TC.dkrogND.bskrogsLZ, DS, TC.skrogsND.bskrogLZ, DS, TC.skrogND.skrogsLZ, ND, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).*[']-khrog-[s](Chang 1971: v.6).zho dang Da ma ru sogsLZ.Dar ma ru sogsND. To beat (the drum); to churn; to stir (with a rod) CD. Another way to write dkrogDS. 1. To churn, stir. 2. To beat a drum TC.(Duff) suggests this verb is onomatopoetic skrog2skrog(Chang 1971: iv.10)'drog(Chang 1971: iv.10). To rouse, to scare up (Chang iv.10). Root given as s-k-rog < s-'-rog < s-rog ? (Chang iv.10). skrodskrodLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskradLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bskradLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.skrodLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gte'u dang bgegs sogsLZ.phyir laND. To expel, drive out, eject CD, DK. To drive away from a previous location DS. To expel, banish, drive out TC. skrobskrobLZ.bskrabsLZ.bskrabLZ.skrobsLZ.ti ku sogs kyisLZ. skrolskrolDK.bskroldDK.bskrolDK.skroldDK.rol 'music' (?) NWH. To cause to make sound; to cause to stir up DK. brkambrkam LZ, TCgive as the present of rkam bskalbskalDS, TC.bskal[DS], TC.bskal[DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be cut off by a long distance or period of time DS. To be separated, cut off TC. Undoubtedly a generalization of the past of skeld q.v. NWH bskonbskon(Chang 1971: vii.16).khon or 'khon(Chang 1971: vii.16). To get caught, hung up (on a peg) (Chang 1971: vii.16). Hypothesized by Chang on colloquial data, see rkon.
kha khangkhang(Tournadre & Dorje 2003) gives as a literary alternate of kheng khugkhugCD, DS, TC.'khugs DK, (TC).khugDK. khugsDS, TC.'khug DK. khugDS, TC. khugs DK. - DS, TC. DS, TC., (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gugs(Gyurme 1992: 259). To find, get, earn, draw CD. To calm down; to bend down; to fall asleep; to valued; to be worth DK. To be the price of (something) DS. 1. To turn into, to change, to become. 2. To get, to make, to find TC. khegskhegsCD. DS. kheg TC. 'khegs (Beyer 1992: 113)khegs [DS], TC, (Beyer 1992: 113).khegs[DS].khegTC.-TC.TC.DS.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gog(Beyer 1992: 113). To obstruct, to close CD. For something to be unable to move because something else is stuffed inside (a pipe, hole &c.) DS. To be obstructed, to stop, to come to halt TC. kheng'khengCD.khengDK. TC. khengs DS.khengs CD, DK, [DS], TC.khangs(Tournadre & Dorje 2003).khengsDK, TC.khengs[DS].khengsDK.-TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'geng(Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff) To be replete, to be full CD. To be full DK. To fill up the inside DS. To be full TC.(Tournadre & Dorje 2003) suggest that khangs is a literary variant of khengs. Compare also skong, gang, and sgang. khenkhenCD. DS, TC.khen [DS]khen[DS].DS, (Skorupski 2001). To lean, to repose on. (erroneously for bkhan pa [sic]) (Sch.) CD. To rest, rely on in order not to collapse DS. (dialect) To lean, to rest against TC. khebs'khebsCD, DK. khebsDS, TC. khebCD, DK.khebs[DS], TC.'khebDK. khebs[DS], TC.khebsDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.'gebs(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). To cover; to spread over CD. To cover up; to spread over DK. To be able to cover, be able to arrange DS. To be covered TC. kherkherDS. kher [DS].kher[DS].DS. To make vertical, to extend DS.DS reports this as similar in meaning to ker to which it is likely a mere orthographic variant of, reflecting an aspirate pronunciation. khogkhog(Gyurme 1992: 259).'gog(Gyurme 1992: 259). To be taken out (Gyurme 1992: 259). khomkhomCD, DS, TC. khom DKkhomDK, [DS], TC.'khom DK. khom[DS], TC. khomsDK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. to have leisure, time to do a thing. 2. to be enabled to do a thing by the absence of external impediments (Schtr.) CD. To have time; to be free; to be free from the worldly activities DK. To not have leisure, time DS. To have time for something TC. kholkholDS gives as the present of 'khol khyagkhyagCD, DK, DS, TC. khyags DK.khyag[DS], TC. khyagDK, [DS], TC.khyagsDK. khyag TC.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To undertake, to be surety for [sic] CD. To float on water; to become mentally unsettled or unsteady DK. To endure hardship, to be able to hold up DS. To endure, to be able to lift or hold up something TC. khyabkhyabLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. khyabLZ, DK, [DS], TC.khyabLZ, DK, [DS], TC.khyabLZ, DK, -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skyob[Coblin 1986]gtam tsegs dang yul la LZ. To fill, penetrate, embrace; estimate, comprise CD. To cover up, to spread over DK. To spread, cover DS. To cover, to pervade, to include, to spread TC. khyogkhyogTC. khyog TC.khyogTC.-TC. TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be sustainable, to be borne, to be bearable TC. Compare 'khyog. khrulkhrulCD, DS. khrul[DS].khrul[DS].DS.: To let fall; to drop (several things at intervals) CD. To fall, drop individually DS. khremskhremsCD, TC. khremsTC.khremsTC.-TCTC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To water gardens and cultivation; to sprinkle water CD. To be absorbed TC. khrelkhrelCD, DS, TC. khrel[DS], TC.khrel[DS].-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be ashamed; to provoke shame CD. To loose hope, to no longer desire DS. To be embarrassed (by the reproach of another), to be considerate TC. khrokhroLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khroCD.khrosLZ, C D, ND, DK, DS, TC.khroLZ, DK, DS, TC. 'khro ND.khrosLZ, ND, DK, - DS, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).khro 'anger'NWHsdang dgra sogs la LZ. khro bor ND. To be angry CD. To get angry; to be filled with anger; to be indignant DK. To be angry, aggressive DS. To go angry, to become angry TC. mkhasmkhasKYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. mkhasKYN, LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.mkhasKYN, LZ, DK, [DS], TC.mkhas, LZ, DK, -[KYN], TC.[KYN], TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).chos srid sogs las LZ. To become wise; to become a scholar; cause to be learned DK. To be able, skilled, to have compassion DS. To be learned TC.KYNgives the imperative asmkhas par gyis implying that there is no imperative. mkhomkhoLZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. mkhoLZ, ND, DK, TC.mkhoLZ, DK, TC.mkhoLZ, DK. - TC. TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'di dang phyi ma sogs la LZ. To want CD. To necessitate; to become necessary; to be in need DK. To want, to need TC. mkhyudmkhyudLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mkhyudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.mkhyudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.mkhyudLZ, DK. TC. TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).don nam dpe sogs LZ. To keep, to hold, to retain CD. To be secretive, to conceal one's knowledge with ill intention DK. (archaic) To hide (small religious instructions &c.) DS. To conceal, to hide TC. mkhyenmkhyendLZ. mkhyen CD, DK, DS, TC. mkhyendLZ, DK.mkhyen[DS], TC.mkhyenLZ, DK, [DS], TC.mkhyendLZ. mkhyen DK, TC.TC.(Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hoshi 2003).DS, (Skorupski 2001). TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hackett 2003).dgongs yul du LZ. To know CD. To know, to understand; to comprehend DK. To know, understand, examine DS. (honorific) To know, to comprehend TC. Root given as mkhyen < *mkhyan < mkhan (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). mkhrangmkhrangND. mkhrangsND.mkhrangND.-ND.ND.blo shed sogsND. hard, solid, compact (Ja) CD. mkhregmkhregND. mkhregsND.mkhregND.-ND.ND.sra ba'i ND. hard, firm (Ja) CD. mkhrenmkhrenND. mkhrendND.mkhrenND.-NDND.thugs la ND. 'khang'khangCD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Denwood 1991: 136). 'khangND, 'khangs DK, DS, TC, (Denwood 1991: 136).'khangDK, DS, TC.'khangsDK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To hurt at heart or offend, also to irritate CD. To be unsatisfied, to be discontented or hateful DK. To believe, to not be happy DS. To be resentful, to be spiteful, to bear ill will TC. To recriminate, complain, resist (Denwood 1991: 136) 'kham'khamCD, DK. 'khams TC. 'khamsDK, TC.'khamDK. 'khams TC.'khamsDK. -TC.TC. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To sink or fall down senseless; to faint away; to swoon. 2. To take into one's mouth (Sch.) CD. To faint, to become unconscious TC. 'khar'kharCD, DK, TC. 'khardDK. 'khar TC. 'kharDK, TC.'khardDK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To adhere, to stick to CD. To long for; to crave for, to be greedy; to be impeded DK. To adhere to, to stick to, to be caught on TC. 'khal'khalLZ, CD, DK, (DS), TC. 'khel DS, (TC). bkaldLZ, DK. bkalDS, TC.bkalLZ, DK, TC. dgal DS.kheldLZ. 'khald DK. khol DS. 'khol TC. TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skud pa sogs LZ. 1. To spin. 2. (in West) To send; to forward things CD. To spin yard; to make thread DK. To spin wool, cotton, silk &c. into thread DS. To spin TC. Compare 'khel 'khu'khuLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC, (Denwood 1991: 136). 'khusLZ, DS, (Denwood 1991: 136). 'khu ND, DK, TC.'khuLZ, DK, DS, TC.'khuLZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).zhe gnag gis LZ. To offend, to vie with, contend (Ja) CD. To be unsatisfied; to hate DK. To bear thoughts of harm DS. 1. To contend with, to vie with, to harm. 2. (archaic) To oppose TC. To oppose, rebel (Denwood 1991: 136). perhaps to be linked with dku. 'khugs'khugsDK, TC give as the present of khug. 'khun'khunLZ, DK, DS, TC. 'khundLZ. khund DK, 'khun [DS], TC.'khunLZ, [DS], TC. khun DK. 'khunLZ. 'khund DK. - TCTC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).khur sogs kyis mnard te LZ. To pant, to whisper DK. For a sound to come from the throat because of illness DS. 1. To groan, to moan. 2. To be breathless. 3. To make a guttural sound like the cawing of a pigeon TC. 'khum'khumCD, DK, ND, DS, TC. khumsCD.'khumND 'khums DK, DS, TC.'khumDK, DS, TC.'khumsDK. - DS, TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skum(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116) To shrink CD. To contract, shrink; to be afraid of, to recoil DK. 1. To shrink in size. 2. To measure, be miserly DS. To shrink, contract TC. 'khums'khumsLZ, DK.'khumCD, ND, DS, TC. 'khums LZ, DK, DS, TC.khumsCD, DK.'khumND 'khumsLZ.'khumDS, TC. khum DK.'khumsLZ. khums DK. - DS, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).tshig don sogsLZ. To comprehend CD. To comprehend, to hear DK, DS. To know, to have an idea of TC. 'khur'khurLZ, CD, DK, DS. TC. bkurCD (in West).khurdLZ. khur DS, TC.bkurdDK.khurLZ, 'khur DS, TC. bkur DK.khurLZ, DS, TC. khurd DK.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skur(Gyurme 1992: 259).khres po sogs LZ. To carry; to fetch; in convey CD. To carry DK. To carry placed on a person's back or shoulders DS. To carry, to shoulder, to bear TC. 'khul'khulCD, DK, TC. 'khuldDK.'khul(li yung khrang 1988).'khulDK, (li yung khrang 1988).'khuldDK. - (li yung khrang 1988).(li yung khrang 1988).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skul[Coblin 1986] 1. To subdue, to subject (Nag) (Cs.). 2. To be uneasy about CD. To subdue, to force TC. 'khus'khusDK, TC. bkusDK.bkuDK.khusDK To extract juice from; to take out juice DK. (archaic) To conceal TC. 'kheng'kheng TC. 'khengsTC.'khengTC.-TC. TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be frozen, to be congealed TC. 'khebs'khebsCD, DK give as present to khebs 'khel'khelLZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. khelCD. DS. 'gel (CD).bkaldLZ, ND. khel CD, DK, [DS], TC.bkalLZ1.dgalLZ2.'khal NDNDB seems to read 'khas but this is more likely a mistake than the 'khal of NDA. 'khelDK, TC.khel[DS].kheldLZ1, DK khold LZ2, ND. - TC.ND, DS. TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 313), (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 313). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gel(Beyer 1992: 113).khral dang chad pa sogs LZ1. khal dang gzer lung la LZ2. skud pa sogs ND. To put on, to pack on, to load ('khel) CD. 1. to load upon; = 'khel ba (Ja), 2. reply upon; depend on (khel)CD. To be decided, to be confirmed; to strike, hit; to be on the way DK. 1. To strike (e.g. a target with arrow). 2. To decide on the meaning of a belief DS. 1. To be determined. 2. To make contact, to encounter, to coincide with, to endure. 3. To trust TC. 'kho'khoCD. 'khos(Zeisler 2004: 454).khos(Zeisler 2004: 454).dgos(see note). To wish, to want, to think useful, serviceable, necessary (Ja) CD. Compare khos pa 'wanted, wished for', compare also mkho 'to be desirable, necessary' mkhos phub 'fancy for something' (CD). dgos 'to need' may perhaps be related as the future stem (Zeisler 2004: 454 n. 138). 'khong'khongCD, DS, TC. 'khong[DS].'khong[DS].DS. To draw in one's limbs; to sit in a cowering position, to squat; to hide one's self CD. 1. To be unsatisfiedly unhappy. 2. To remain with the body's limbs contracted. 3. (mdo smad dialect for sgong1) To make into a ball (barley flower &c.) DS. (archaic) To be disheartened TC. Compare bkong1 and 'gong 'khod'khodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'khodLZ, [DS], TC. khod DK. 'khodLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khodLZ. khod DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. (Gyurme 1992: 247)[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'god(Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)gdan sogs la LZ. To sit, to dwell, to live; to be set down CD. To be registered; to sit down on a throne; to be enthroned; to become a leader; to be in line DK. To stay in one's place DS. 1. To be placed, to be present, to be situated. 2. To be established, to be set down, to be recorded, to be labeled TC.(Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with mkhos/khos/khod 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, sko and 'god. 'khon1bkonLZ, TC.'khonND, DK. bkondLZ, ND, DK.bkonLZ, ND, DK.bkondLZ. kondND, khond DK.ND. (Skorupski 2001).'khon2NWH.gnod pa sogsLZ. logs la ND. To create enmity; to disturb a friendly relation or to cause disunion DK. To threaten, menace DS. (archaic) To bear a grudge, to harbor revenge TC. 'khon2'khonLZ. DK, DS, TC. khondLZ. khon DK.'khon[DS], TC.'khonLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khonLZ. khond DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Ass.] (Hackett 2003).'khon1NWH.gzhan dang LZ. To bear a grudge or ill will against a person; to be dissatisfied with a thing; to be malicious, spiteful CD. To be revengeful, spiteful, hateful DK. 1. To bear enmity, hostility. 2. To be impeded, to be obstructed TC.(Chang 1971: vii.16) suggests based on colloquial data a verb *'khon which means 'to get caught, or hung up' see note at skon, and rkon. 'khob'khobsCD. 'khob DS, TC. 'khobsDS. 'khob TC.'khobDS, TC.-DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be startled, agitated, alarmed (Ja) CD. To be stiff due to cold DS. To be stiff, rigid TC. 'khoms'khoms DK gives as the present of khom 'khor'khordLZ. 'khor CD, DK, DS, TC. 'khordLZ, DK'khor[DS], TC.'khorLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khor LZ. 'khord DK. - TC. TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skor(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).las nyon gyis 'khor bar LZ. 1. To turn round, circumambulate. 2. To be formed, perfected. CD. To rotate or turn round DK. 1. To turn at a hub. 2. To change direction. 3. To come, to gather DS. To revolve, to rotate, to spin, to go around, to elapse (of time) TC. Compare the noun sgor mo 'round, a circle, globe'. 'khol1'kholCD, DK, TC. khol DS.kholCD, DK, DS, TC.'kholDK, DS, TC.kholdDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306). [Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skol(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff). (in Medicine) To boil CD. To be boiling, to feel anxiety or to be agitated, to be active in service, to be an obedient servant DK. For bubbles to arise from within a liquid which has arrived at a certain temperature DS. To boil, be boiled TC. 'khol2'kholLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bkoldLZ, DK.bkolCD, DS, TC.bkolLZ, DK, TC. dgol DS.kholLZ, CD, DS, TC. khold DK.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).g.yog sogs su LZ. 1. To make a person a slave; to bind as a servant, to cause to serve one. 2. To become insensible, to be asleep; to get benumbed in reference to the limbs (Sch.) CD. To use as a servant; to make somebody serve; to use DK. To use DS. To take into service, to assign someone, to use TC. 'khol3bkolLZ, TC.'kholCD, ND, DK, DS. bkoldLZ, ND, DK.bkolCD, DS, TC.bkolLZ, ND, DK, TC. dgol DS.bkoldLZ. kholCD, DS, TC. khold ND, DK.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).logs dang zur duLZ. zur du las 'am ND. To save; to spare; to enjoy with moderation (Cs.) CD. To isolate, to keep separately DK. To separate apart, put aside DS. To select, set aside, single out, separate TC. 'khyag'khyagCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khyagsND, DK, DS, TC. khyags (DS).'khyag ND, DK, DS, TC.-ND, DS, TC. 'khyags DK. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).grang ba'i ND. To freeze, coagulate, feel cold CD. To freeze or become very cold, to be chilled DK. To cool DS. To be cold, to freeze TC. 'khyam'khyamLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'khyamsLZ, DK, DS, TC.'khyamLZ, DK, DS, TC.khyamsLZ. 'khyams DK. - DS. 'khyoms TC.DS.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'khor ba sogs su LZ. To rove, to wander CD. To wander; to ramble DK. To go here and there without a definite goal DS. To wander, to roam, to travel aimlessly TC. 'khyar'khyarLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'khyardLZ. khyar DK. 'khyar[DS], TC.'khyarLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khyarLZ. khyard DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gzhan du LZ. To err, to go astray CD. To roam; to wander; to stray DK. To let out a secret DS. To be dislocated, to stray, to be dispersed, to be missing TC. Root given as 'khyar < 'khor 'turn' (?) (Beyer 1992: 83). 'khyal1'khyalLZ, DK. bkyaldLZ, DK.bkyalLZ, DK.kyaldLZ. 'khyald DK.don med pa'i ngag sogs LZ. To talk nonsense, to gossip or drivel DK. 'khyal2'khyaldDK. 'khyal DS, TC. khyalDK. 'khyal [DS], TC.'khyalDK, [DS], TC.khyaldDK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To gossip; to converse meaninglessly DK. 1. For earlier and later words to not be connected, for earlier and later to not be connected. 2. To move away from an earlier position DS. To lapse, to lose control, to go astray TC. Compare the nouns rkyal ka, and kyal ka 'a joke, jest, trick'. 'khyig1'khyig CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khyigs LZ, (CD). bkyigsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkyigLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.khyigsLZ, ND, DS, TC. 'khyigs DK.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rkang lag sogs LZ. thag pas ND. To bind, to take prisoner; (in Central Tibet) to strangle, suffocate CD. To bind; to fasten or tie; to truss up DK. To restrain men, livestock &c. with a rope DS. To tie, bind TC. 'khyig2'khyigDS. 'khyigsDS.'khyigDS.-DS.DS.DS. To tightly bind DS. 'khyigs'khyigs(Ja). To comprise, encompass (Ja). 'khyid'khyidCD (archaic). To turn, roll (one's eyes); to draw out; strain; to roll, revolve CD. 'khyims'khyimsLZ, CD, DS. 'khyimsLZ, [DS].'khyimsLZ, [DS].'khyims LZ.DS.nyi zla sogs LZ. To be encircled with a halo, like the sun and moon CD. To seep out from DS. Compare 'gyim pa 'circumference'. 'khyir'khyirCD, DS, TC. 'khyird DK. khyirDK. 'khyir [DS] TC.'khyirDK, [DS], TC.khyirDK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To turn around CD. To wind round; to move in a circle; to circle DK. To rotate a parasol DS. To rotate, spin TC. 'khyil'khyilLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'khyild DK. 'khyildLZ. khyil DK. 'khyil[DS], TC.'khyilLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khyilLZ. khyild DK. -- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyil(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).dgyibs kyi rnam pa sogs su LZ. To wind; to twist; to whirl around CD. To be collected or to be stored; to accumulate DK. 1. To be bent like the pattern of a conch shell. 2. For liquids (water &c.) to gather DS. 1. To be absorbed. 2. To whirl around, to twist, to coil up, to curl up, to spiral TC. 'khyu'khyu CD gives as the present to 'khyus 'khyug'khyugLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'khyugs DK. 'khyugLZ. khyug CD, DK. 'khyugs DS, TC.'khyugLZ, DK, DS, TC.'khyugLZ. khyugs DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).glog dang nya chung sogs LZ. To run, move swiftly CD. To move swiftly, to flash DK. To move swiftly, to flash TC. 'khyud'khyudLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khyudLZ, ND, [DS], TC. khyud DK.'khyudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khyudLZ, TC. khyud DK. ND.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).phan tshunLZ. 1. To embrace. 2. To glide in or into. 3. To be able CD. To embrace or hug; to encompass; to coil up; to surround or to encircle; to have great faith or interest in some one or some thing DK. 1. Tug, to embrace. 2. To engage in sexual intercourse TC. 'khyur'khyurCD, TC. 'khyurd DK.khyurDK. 'khyur TC.'khyurDK, TC.khyurdDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyur [CD].(Beyer 1992: 116). 1. To be separated, divorced (Cs.); to stop; to put an end to. 2. To be deserted (Ja) CD. To be transferred DK To be transferred, to be assigned TC. 'khyus'khyuCD. 'khyus ND, DK, DS (archaic), TC. 'khyusCD, ND, TC. khyus DK.'khyu DK. 'khyus TC.khyusDK.-TK.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkyuNWH. To run away CD, DK. (an archaic equivalent of 'bros) To flee DS. To run away, to flee TC.ND lists another verb 'khyus, dkyus, dkyu, dkyus with Characteristic Example bros pa'i which is clearly a confusion between this verb and dkyu, compare dkyu. 'khyeg'khyegND. bkyegND.'gyegND.khyogND.yar la ND. 'khyed'khyedCD.khyed(Beyer 1992: 113).'gyed(Beyer 1992: 113) 1. To be sufficient, to suffice, to be enough; to hold out. 2. (Central Dialect) To gain (a lawsuit); to be acquitted (Ja) CD. 'khyer'khyerLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. khyerd LZ, ND, DK. khyer DS, TC.khyerLZ, DK. 'khyer ND, DS, TC.khyerLZ, DS, TC. khyerdND. 'khyerd DK.ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210), (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 210). (Hackett 2003).rdzas sogs gzhan duLZ. lag tu ND. To carry away, to take away CD. To carry, to take away, to bring DK. To carry, to take away TC. 'khyel'khyelCD. (in Ladakh) To hit, to strike CD. 'khyog'khyogCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. khyogCD. 'khyog ND. 'khyogs DK, DS, TC.'khyogDK, DS, TC.khyogCD. 'khyogs DK. - DS, TC.CD. DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To lift; lift up. 2. To carry, to bring CD. To be crooked; to become crooked, to twist DK. To be bent, to be crooked, to sway, to curve TC. 'khyong'khyongLZ, CD, TC. 'khyongs CD, DK, DS. 'khyongsLZ, [DS], TC. khyong DK.'khyongLZ, DK, TC. 'khyongs [DS].khyongsLZ, DK. - TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).nyin dnag thun sogsLZ. 1. To observe. 2. (in Ladakh) To bring (Ja), (Ramsay) CD. 1. To continue without interruption. 2. To arrive at a good or complete [state]. 3. To be able. 4. To enunciate, use good diction DS. To continue, to conclude TC. 'khyom'khyomLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'khyomsLZ, DS, TC.'khyomLZ, DS, TC.khyomsLZ. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).skyom(Chang 1971: v .4), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116)Beyer incorrectly gives 'khyo [sic] 'reel, stagger' for 'khyom, with causative skyom 'shake, agitate' (Beyer 1992: 116)., (Duff).sa dang sems sogsLZ. (in Central Tibet) To reel, stagger CD. To be aroused, to be agitated, to be disturbed. 2. To sway, to roll, to rock TC. 'khyor'khyorCD, DS, TC. 'khyor[DS], TC.'khyor[DS], TC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be unsteady; to miss, fail, not to hit (Cs.); to reel, stager from intoxication CD. To be unsteady, to stagger, to totter TC. Root given as 'khyor < 'khor 'turn' (Beyer 1992: 83) 'khyol'khyolLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'khyold DK. 'khyoldLZ. khyol DK. 'khyol [DS], TC.'khyolLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'khyoldLZ. khyold (LZ), DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).nyams len sogs tshad duLZ. To be carried, to be bought CD. To reach one's destination; to complete one's life DK. To be concluded, to be finished, to reach a goal TC. CD suggests comparison with skyel 'khra'khraLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'khrasLZ, CD (probably), DK, DS, TC.'khraLZ, DK, DS, TC.'khrasLZ, DK. -DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).rten gnas sogs laLZ. To lean to; to incline toward (Cs.) CD. To crave for; to be impeded DK. (archaic) To be attached, to stay in one place, to depend on TC. 'khrab1'khrabCD, DK, DS. bkrabCD.skrab CD. bkrabs DK. DS.bkrabDK, (DS). dkrab DS.'khrabsDK. khrobs DS.DS.DS.skrabNWH.'khrab ma'flail, fan' NWH. 1. To strike; to beat (in regular, strokes as in swimming and rowing). 2. To winnow, to fan. 3. To blink, twinkle, wink with the eyes. 4. To jest, joke. 5. To leap, jump. 6. To scoop out; to bail out CD. To select; to move legs, eyes etc. to dance DK. To thresh or winnow chaff from grain with a flail or fan DS. 'khrab2'khrabLZ, DS, TC. 'khrabsLZ, TC. 'khrab [DS].'khrabLZ, [DS], TC.khrobsLZ. 'khrobs TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 339), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 339), (Hackett 2003).skrabNWH.bro gar sogsLZ. To dance DS. To perform, to stage, to beat, to stamp TC. 'khri'khriCD, ND, DS, TC. 'khrisCD, DS, TC. 'khri ND.'khriDS, TC.-DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkri[CD] (Chang 1971: v.6) (Duff). To wind, compress; entangle, hold fast CD. To be responsible, to be tied down by responsibilities TC. 'khrig'khrigLZ, ND, CD, DK. 'khrigs DS, TC. 'khrigsLZ, DK, [DS], TC. 'khrig LZ, ND.'khrigLZ, DK. 'khrigs [DS], TC.khrigsLZ. 'khrig LZ. 'khrigs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkrig(Duff).'grig(Beyer 1992: 112).khug rna dang sprin sogs LZ. 'dod pas LZ. To cohere; to stick together, become thick CD. To become overcast, to be piled up DK. To thicken, to become dense, to gather TC. 'khrid1bkriLZ, CD (archaic), TC.'khridCD, ND, DK, DS. bkrisLZ, CD, DK, (DS), TC. bkriCD.bkridND.bkriLZ, ND, DK, (DS), TC.khridND, DK, DS. bkris LZ, (DS), TC.ND, DS, TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skriNWH.thar lam dang gzhan sogs suLZ. gnas suND. To lead; to conduct; bring to a place, especially used with in connection with animals and children, also of leading and army ('khrid)CD. To draw, to try, to acquire, to search for (bkri) CD. To lead; to bring to a place; to take; to guide from the worldly misery DK. 1. To lead on a path. 2. To teach, instruct. 3. To lead, turn someone to go in a particular direction (DS). To guide, lead TC. 'khrid2'khridLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. khridLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.khridLZ, DK. 'khrid DS, TC.khridLZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hackett 2003).gnas dang dpe cha sogsLZ.To lead; to conduct; bring to a place, especially used with in connection with animals and children, also of leading and army CD. To explain a book; to teach in detail DK.1. To lead on a path. 2. To teach, instruct. 3. To lead, turn someone to go in a particular direction DS. 1. To lead, to draw, to take, to guide, to bring, to conduct. 2. To instruct, to teach TC. 'khrims'khrimsDS. 'khrims[DS].'khrims[DS].DS. To be cowardly, terror having arisen DS. 'khril'khrilLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'khrild DK. khril (DS).'khrildLZ. khril DK, [(DS)]. 'khril [DS], TC.'khrilLZ, DK, [DS], TC.khril [(DS)].'khrilLZ. khrild DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkri(Chang 1971: v.6). sgril NWH.lus dang shing sogs laLZ. To wind, coil round, to clasp round CD. To embrace; to hug; to coil up DK. To coil, wind around TC. 'khris'khrisLZ. 'khrisLZ.'khrisLZ. 'khrisLZ.'dod yon sogs laLZ. 'khru'khruCD, DK, DS, TC. khrus DK. 'khrus DS, TC.'khruDK, DS, TC.'khrus DK. -DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'khrudNWH. To wash, to bathe CD. To become clean; to be washed DK. To have diarrhea TC. 'khrug'khrugCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khrugCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'khrugND, DK, DS, TC.'khrugsND, DK. -ND, DS, TC.ND. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkrug[CD], (Chang 1971: v. 6), (Gyurme 1992: 258), (Duff).dmag sogsND. dmagND. To be in commotion, to be disturbed CD. To fight; to quarrel; to disturb or to be in disorder; to be confused DK. 1. To be disturbed, to be agitated. 2. To fight, to quarrel TC. 'khrung'khrungCD, DK, DS, TC. 'khrungs CD. 'khrungsDK, DS, TC.'khrungDK, DS, TC.'khrungDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). (honorific) 1. To be born to. 2. To arise, come from. 3. To come up, shoot, sprout, grow (Ja) CD. To be born DK. (honorific) To be born TC. 'khrud'khruLZ, (TC).'khrudCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkrusLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.'khrusCD.bkruLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.khru(Zeilser 2004: 348).khrusLZ, ND, DK DS TC.ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003), (Hackett 2003).'khruNWH.sgrub chu sogs kyisLZTo wash, to cleanse, to bathe CD. To wash; to cleanse; to take a bath DK. To wash TC. 'khrul'khrulCD, DK, DS, TC. 'khruldDK. 'khrul[DS], TC.'khrulDK, [DS], TC.'khruldDK. -TCTC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'grul(Beyer 1992: 112). To be insane or deranged CD. To be mistaken, to be confused DK. To be mistaken, to err, to be bewildered, to be deranged, to hallucinate TC. 'khren'khrenLZ, CD. 'khrendDK. 'khrendLZ. khren DK.'khrenLZ, DK.khrendLZ, DK.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).khyim sogs laLZ. 1. To wish, to long for. 2. To look upon with envy, jealousy (Ja) CD. To long for; to crave for; to be greedy DK. 'khreb'khrebDS, TC. 'khreb[DS]. 'khrebsTC.'khreb[DS], TC.-TC.TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.](Hackett 2003).To squint?? mig rdeb DS.To be stubborn TC. 'khrel'khreldDK. khrelDK.'khrelDK.khreldDK. To hate, dislike; to be hesitant DK. 'khro'khro CD. gives as the present to khro. 'khrog'khrogTC. 'khrogsTC.'khrogTC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).dkrog(Chang 1971: v.6), (Gyurme 1992: 258), [Duff].skrog(Chang 1971: v.6) To dislocate a joint. 2. To have a rumbling stomach, to have borborygmus. 3. To be hard of hearing TC.(Chang 1971: v.6) suggests a verb *[']-khrog-[s] with the definition 'to get churned'. (Gyurme 1992: 158) gives the definition 'to be agitated'. 'khrol1'khrolLZ, CD, ND, DS. dkrolLZ, DK, TC.bkroldLZ. dkroldLZ, ND, DK. dkrolCD, DS, TC. bkrol(DS)dkrolLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.khroldLZ. khrolCD, DS. dkroldND, DK. dkrolTC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khrol2(Duff).rol mo sogs(dkrol)LZ. sil rnyan bon rna sogs('khrol)LZ.rol ma sogsND. To cause to sound; make a noise; play CD. 3 To sound; to play musical instruments DK. To draw out sound from a music instrument DS. To play a musical instrument TC 'khrol2'khrolDK, TC. 'khroldDK. 'khrolTC.'khrolDK, TC.'khroldDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.'khrol1 (Duff) To sound DK. To play a musical instrument TC. 'khrol3'khrolTC (Bielmeier 1988: 20)'khrolTC.khrol(Bielmeier 1988: 20)'khrolTC.-TC.TC.(Bielmeier 1988: 20)[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).grol(Bielmeier 1988: 20).To unravel, decipher, to be given permission, consent TC (Duff). To untie something (Bielmeier 1988: 20).
ga ganggangCD, DS, TC. 'gangDK.gangDK, [DS], TC.gang[DS], TC.'gangDK.gangDK-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Inst.] (Hackett 2003).'geng(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).sgangNWH. To fill, to make fill CD. To be full; to become full DK. To pervade the parts, to reach the amount DS. To be full, to become full TC. Compare kheng, and skong. gabgabCD, DS, TC. 'gabs DK.gabDK, [DS], TC.'gab DK. gab[DS], TC. gabs DKgobTC. TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gebs(Chang 1971: vii.16-17), (Gyurme 1992: 259). To hide, to conceal one's self CD. To hide; to conceal one's self DK. To hide DS. To hide oneself, to conceal oneself TC. galgalCD, DK. galdDK.galDK.galdDK. To force, to press something on a person CD. To be liable for; to be subject to a tax DK. gasgas [CD], DS, TC. gas[DS].gas[DS].DS, TC.'gas1TC. To split, to crack, to burst apart [CD]. (for a substance) To fracture DS. To break, split TC. to be identified with 'gas2 guggugLZ, CD, TC. 'gugDK.bkugLZ.gugDK, TC.bkugLZ.gugDK, TC.gugLZ.'gugsDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).shing sogsLZ. 1. To stoop, bend, to bow down. 2. (In West) to rub or scratch gently; to tickle CD. To bend toward, to bend down DK. To bend down, to stoop down, to be bent, to b3e crooked, to bow down TC. related to dgu(Duff) also compare 'gugs. gudgudTC. gudTC.gudTC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To decline, to fade TC. gusgusDK, TC. gusDK, TC.gusDK, TC.gusDK, TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To respect; to show respect DK. To be respectful, to bow down, to salute TC. gogoLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bgosLZ. goDK, [DS], TC.bgoLZ. goDK, [DS], TC.gosLZ. goDK. - TC.TC, (Gyurme 1992: 252), [Goldstein 1991: 127], (Hoshi 2003).DS, (Gyurme 1992: 252), [Goldstein 1991: 127].TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).nyan(Duff)chos gos sogs lus paLZ. To understand, to perceive mentally CD. To hear; to comprehend or understand; to perceive DK. 1. To understand. 2. To hear DS. 1. To understand. 2. To hear TC. goggogLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bkogLZ gog DK, [DS], TC.dgogLZ. gogDK, [DS], TC.gogDK.-TC.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gog2(Chang 1971: vii.17)shing shun sogsLZ. 1. To crawl. 2. To crumble off; to scale off CD. To become older and older; to age; to decay; to crawl DK. To crawl with four limbs on the ground DS. To crawl TC. godgodLZ, CD, TC. godLZ, DK.godLZ, TC.godLZ. -TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).rgyun nor sogsLZ. To suffer loss CD. To be squandered, to be diminished TC. gongonCD, DK, DS. gondDK. gon[DS].gonDK, [DS].gondDK.(Hoshi 2003). DS.g.yog(Chang vii.16, see note at skon). skon (Chang vii.16, see note at skon), (Gyurme 1992: 259). To put clothes on CD. To put on; to wear DK. To wear shoes etc DS. a variant of gyonCD, (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Hoshi 2003). See note at skon. gomgom LZ gives as the present of 'gom. gomsgomsDK, DS, TC. gomsDK, [DS], TC.gomsDK, [DS], TC.gomsDK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgom[Duff] To be accustomed to, used to DK. To become familiar with, used to DS. To become accustomed to, to become familiar with TC. gol'golCD.'goldDK.golDS (archaic), TC. golCD, DK, [DS], TC.'golDK. gol[DS], TC.goldDK.-TC.TC.CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To part, separate. 2. To deviate, err, go astray CD. To go to an isolated place DK. (archaic) To err, go wrong DS. To mistake, to go astray, to miss TC. Root given as T 'gol ba , OT dgol pha (<*dgold, as indicated by the use of the suffix pha) (Coblin 1986). gosgosDS. gos[DS].gos[DS].DS. For one thing to stick on another thingDS. gyargyar TC. gyarTC.gyarTC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To encounter, to fall into (a state). 2. To go astray, to wander. 3. To be dispersed, to get lost TC. gyedgyedDS. gyed[DS].gyed[DS].DS. To open a gap DS. gyerdgyerCD, DK. gyerDS, TC. gyerCD, [DS], TC.bgyerdDK.gyer[DS], TC.bgyerDK.gyerTC.bgyerdDK.TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To sing, chant (gyer) [CD]. To sing, chant (an expression of the Bon-po) (dgyer) CD. To put in tune, to chant DK.To recite with a certain intonation DS. To sing, chant, to hum a tune TC. gyesgyesCD. To analyze, to split asunder CD. elsewhere CD refers gyes to 'gyes. gyongyonCD, DS, TC. gyon[DS], TC.gyon[DS], TC.gyonTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).skon(Gyurme 1992: 259), skyonNWH. To put on; to dress; to wear CD. To cover the body with a hat &c. DS. To wear, to put on TC. Root given as gyon < gon (Beyer 1992: 83). Not to be differntiate from gonCD, (Gyurme 1992: 259). gyolgyolDS. gyol[DS].gyol[DS].DS. To have difficulty walking because of a problem with the feet (for either men or livestock) DS. graggragCD, DK, DS, TC.gragsCD, DS.gragDK, TC. gragDK, DS, TC.gragDK-DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To sound forth; to utter a cry or sound, of men, animals, thunder, &c.; to shout [CD]. To repeat a statement without agreeing with it DK. 1. To make a noise, sound. 2. To speak. 3. To hear, understand (a name, some news &c.) DS. 1. To resound, to emit sound, (preceded by kha) to speak. 2. To hear TC. Compare grags1 and sgrog. grags1'gragsCD.gragsDK, TC. gragsCD, DK, TC.gragsDK, TC.gragsDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgrog(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). To be famous; to be called CD. To become well known, to be famous DK. To be well known TC. Compare grag. grags2gragsCD. 'gragsCD. To bind, fasten up a load (Ja) CD. grang1grangDS. grang[DS].grang[DS].(Hoshi 2003).DS. For the body to experience getting cold DS. grang2grang(Gyurme 1992: 150-152), (Hahn 1994: S4, 126-8), (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). (rare, main verb is negated) Its main function is to express a certain necessity (Hahn 1994: S4, 126-8). Introduces a question which anticipates a negative response (Gyurme 1992: 150-152). 1. To be suitable, allowed. 2. (archaic) A question word similar to gam, ngam, &c. (ngag dbang tshul khrim 1997). Compare krang grangsgrangs LZ. gives as the present of bgrang grabsgrabsLZ. grabsLZ.grabsLZ. grabsLZ.'gro chas sogsLZ.1. (verb + grabs) about to do the verbal action. 2. (transitive verb. + grabs + byed) to make preparations (Goldstein 2001). gramgram[CD], DS, TC.gram[DS], TC.gram[DS], TC.-TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'grems(Gyurme 1992: 258] (Duff). 1. To spread (as of grain, for drying). 2. To put or lay down in order (beams, &c.); to spread out; to display; to scatter; to draw (a curtain) [CD].To cover, pervade, arrive DS. To be covered, to be strewn, to be scattered TC. Compare 'grams grasgrasCD. dras CD. To bind CD. grimgrimCD, DS, TC. 'grim(Gyurme 1992: 259).grims DS.grim TC. grimDS, TC.-TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgrim(Duff). (Gyurme 1992: 259). To hasten; to hurry (Sch.) CD. To be wound tighter (of thread, rope &c.) DS. To become tight, to be tightened TC. gruggrugCD, DS, TC. grug[DS]. grugsTC.grug[DS], TC.-TC.TC.DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To break into small pieces, to crumble, to bruise CD. 1. To break into small pieces. 2. For men's skin to become course because of cold DS. 1. To be chipped, to be broken, to be bruised. 2. To be chapped, cracked TC. grungsgrungs LZ. gives as the present to bgrung. grumgrum DS gives as the present of 'grum grumsgrumsTC. gives as the present of 'grum. grusgrusLZ. gives as the present of bgrud grongronDS. gron[DS].gron[DS].DS. To waste, spoil DS. grolgrolLZ, DS, TC. 'grolCD, (Bielmeier 1988: 20). 'groldDK.groldLZ.grolCD, DK, [DS], TC.'grolDK.grol[DS], TC.groldLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 287), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Bielmeier 1988: 20). [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 287).'grol(Chang 1971: vii.18), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).sgrol(Gyurme 1992: 259) [Duff], 'khrol3 (Bielmeier 1988: 20)sdug bsngal sogs las LZ. To escape, be liberated, be released from CD. To be free from suffering; to become free; to be liberated DK. 1. For a knot or binding to come undone. 2. To individually separate, come to an end. 3. To become free DS. To adjourn, to close down, to break up, to uncoil. 2. To be free, to be liberated TC. To get untied (Bielmeier 1988: 20). glaglaLZ, DK, DS, TC. glasLZ, DK, DS, TC.glaLZ, DK, DS, TC.glasLZ, DK, DS. glosTC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.khal rta sogs brngan pasLZ. To hire; to rent DK. 1. To exploit. 2. To hire. 3. To rent DS. To hire, to rent TC. glanglanLZ, CD, DK. glonCD, DS, TC. blan (Goldstein 2001).glandLZ, DK. glan DS, TC.glanLZ, DK, TC. glon DS.glanLZ. gland DK. glon DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.gling bu dang lhan pa sogsLZ. To patch up; to mend. 2. To return. 3. (colloquial for glen) To speak (glan) CD. To return an answer; to reply. 2. To patch, mend (glon) CD. To answer, to patch DK. 1. To join, place, contact, one thing on another thing. 2. To send a reply, to harm in return for a reply which harms DS. 1. To patch, mend. 2. To return a favor, to respond to, to reciprocate. 3. (archaic) To love, crave, desire TC.(Beyer 1992: 110) suggests a connection to the noun lan 'answer'. glalglalCD, DK, DS, TC. klal CD, (DS).glaldDK.glal[DS], TC.glalDK, [DS], TC.glaldDK. ---TC.TC.DS, TC. To yawn or gasp CD. To display emotion through physical posture; to open [the] mouth; to yawn DK. 1. To yawn. 2. To stretch out TC. Compare the verb g-yal 'to yawn'. glasglasTC. (archaic) to move house TC. glengglengLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. glengsCD.glengsLZ, DK, DS, TC.glengLZ, DK, DS, TC.glengsLZ, DK, DS, TC.LZ, DK, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gtam gzhi sogsLZ. To say, converse, relate, describe CD. To talk, say, mention DK. glebglebLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. glebsCD.glebsLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.glebLZ, DK, DS, TC.glebsLZ, DK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.rkang pasLZ. To make flat, plain (Cs.) (gleb)CD. To trample; to tread down; to press down by the feet (glebs) CD. To press down; to tread on DK. To press down, make flat DS. To flatten, press TC. glemglemCD, DK. glemsDK.glemDK.glemsDK To press, squeeze; to crush, squash (Ja.) CD. To squash, squeeze; to press, crush DK. glongglongDS. glongsDS.glongDS.glongsDSDS.DS. To scower DS. glodglodLZ, CD, DK, TC. glodLZ, DK, TC.glodLZ, DK, TC.glodLZ, DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.bcur sems sogsLZ. To relax, loosen; to release; to set free DK. To release, to set free, to let go, to let loose TC. glonglonCD, DS, TC. give as the present of glan dga'dga'CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dga'ND, DK, [DS], TC.dga'DK, [DS]. TC.-ND, TC. dga'DK.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To rejoice CD. To be happy, please; to be delighted DK. To become happy DS. To be glad, to be pleased, to be happy, take delight TC. Related by ablaut to mgu(Simon 1971: 474). dgardgarLZ, CD, DK, (DS) TC. dgorND. 'ger DS.bkardLZ, ND.bkarDK, DS, TC.dgarLZ, NDNDB appears to have dga' but this seems unlikely., DK, (DS), TC. bkar DS.dgardLZ, DK.dkordND. khor DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.mang po lasLZ.logs su'?A? zur duND. To separate; confine; place apart (men, cattle, goods) CD. To segregate; to cross examine; to separate; to isolate DK. 1. To separate. 2. To erect a tent with a poles. 3. To put under lamp light DS. 1. To set aside, to separate, to isolate, to quarantine, (usually following logs su). 2. To erect, pitch a tent with a pole TC. dgasdgasCD, DK. 'ges CD. 'gas DS. bkasCD, DK, DS.dgasCD, DK, DS.dgasDK. khos CD, DS.CD, DS.DS.'gas2[Chang 1971: vii.17] To crack; to split; to cleave (in two) (dgas) CD. To split, cleave, divide ('ges)CD. To crack; to split; to cut into halves or pieces DK. To split, break apart wood &c. with a knife or axe DS. dgudguCD, DK, TC. dguDK, TC.dguDK, TC.dguDK. -TC.TC.TC. To bend; to make crooked CD. To bend down, to become crooked DK. To bend down, to stoop down TC. Related to gug[Duff]. dgedgeND. dgeND. dgesdgesCD, DK. dgesDK.dgesDK.dgesDK. Delighted, pleased, cheered CD. To be delighted; to rejoice DK. perhaps related to dgyes? dgogdgogLZ gives as the present of 'gog2. dgogs1dgogsDK givess as the present of 'gog2 dgogs2dgogsDK. gogsDK.dgogDK.gogsDK. To cough DK. dgongsdgongsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgongsLZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.dgongsLZ, DK, [DS], TC.dgongsLZ, DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).thugs laLZ. 1. To think, to reflect, to contemplate, to consider. 2. (usually with terminative of the infinitive) To purpose, intend CD. To think, to reflect, to contemplate, to consider DK. (honorific) To think, remember DS. (honorific) To think, intend TC. dgod1dgodLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rgod CD, DK, (DS), (TC). bgadLZ, [CD], ND, DK, DS, TC. brgad [CD], (DS).rgodDK.bgadLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. rgod DK.dgodLZ, ND, DK DS, TC. rgod DK, (DS).ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gad mo 'laughter'NWH.gad mo sogs LZ. gad mo ND. To laugh (dgod) CD. 1. To laugh. 2. To grow weak, languid, indolent (rgod) CD. To make laugh or smile (dgod) DK. To focus; to become mentally excited (rgod) DK. To make a sound of joy, and manifest a delighted mind DS. To laugh TC. dgod2dgod LZ. gives as the present of 'god dgordgor ND. gives as the present of dgar dgos1dgosCD, DK, TC. dgosDK, TC.dgosDK, TC.dgosDK. -TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 191), (Hackett 2003). Implies necessity and what is due or desired; to be necessary, to want CD. To want; to be necessary DK. To need, require TC. dgos2DS. (an auxiliary verb when attached to the end of another verb) To encourage, exort to do DS. dgyedgyeCD, DK, DS, TC. gyeDK. dgye[DS], TC.dgyeDK, [DS], TC.dgyeDK. -TC.TC.DS, TC. To bend; to be curving or crooked CD. To straighten DK. To bend backwards or straighten the body DS. To bend backwards, to lean backwards TC. Compare dgyed dgyeddgyedTC. dgyedTC.dgyedTC.-TC.TC.TC. To fall backwards TC. Compare dgye. dgyed2dgyed (DS) gives as a present to 'gyed2 dgyerdgyer CD, DK. give as the present of gyer dgyeldgyelCD, DS. To fall down, tumble down CD. To cause a person or upright thing to lie horizontally DS. Compare sgyel. dgyesdgyesKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgyesKYN, LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.dgyesKYN, LZ, DK, [DS], TC.dgyesKYN, LZ, DK-TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).rang gzhan laLZ. (honorific) 1. To rejoice, to be glad. 2. To be pleased to; to choose CD. To be delighted; to be happy, pleased; to rejoice DK. (honorific) To become happy DS. (honorific) To rejoice, to be happy, to be delighted TC. Root given as dgyes < *dgya < *dga (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). cf. dga' dgraddgradDS. dgrad[DS]. dgrad[DS]. 1. Stretch the feet making the space between the two feet larger. 2. To spread apart (claws &c.) DS. dgrongkrongsLZ. dgrongCD, DK, TC. 'grong ND, DS.bkrongsLZ, DK, DS, TC.'krongsND.bkrongLZ, NDA, DK. dgrong DS, NDB, TC. krongsLZ. dgrongsDK, TC. grongs ND, DSDS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.'grongs(Chang 1971: vii.19), (Gyurme 1992: 259).dug mtshon sogs kyisLZ. bsad pa'iND. To die (respectful for shi ba) CD. To assassinate; to kill DK. To kill DS. (honorific) To be killed, to die TC. dgroldgrol LZ. gives as the present of 'grol bgagbgagsLZ. 'gogDK.bgag TC.bkagsLZ. bgags (CD), DK, TC.bkagLZ. bgag DK, TC. bkag(DK).gogsLZ. khogs DK. bgogs TC.TC.DS, TC.lam sogsLZ. To block, stop; to obstruct; to limit, retain DK. To impede, obstruct, block TC.DS gives bgags as an alternative spelling of bsgags the past of sgog. Compare 'gog. bgambgamLZ, DK, TC. 'gam DS. bgamLZ. TC. bgams DK, DS. bgamLZ, DK, DS, TC.bgamLZ. bgams DK. 'goms DS. bgomTC.DS, C.DS, TC.nyams dang tshod sogsLZ. To estimate a person; to examine indirectly, to spy DK. 1. To examine, determine, size up a situation DS. To test, to estimate, to judge, to guess TC. bgobgoND, DK, DS, TC. bgosND, DK, DS, TC.bgoND, DK, DS, TC.bgosND, DK, DS, TC. -ND. ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). NDDS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).bgo sha go cha bag chags(bgos) ND. go cha dang skal ba(-) ND. To put on, to wear DK. To make wear, to wear a garment &c. DS. 1. To wear, to clothe, to put on. 2. To divide, to apportion TC. bgodbgodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bgosLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bgoLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.bgodLZ, DK. bgosDS, TC.DS, C.DS, TC.'bul rdzas sogsLZ. To divide CD. To divide; to share DK. 1. To allocate, apportion, allot. 2. (mathematics) To divide DS. To divide, apportion, allocate TC. bgombgom CD, ND give as the present of 'gom bgomsbgoms CD gives as the present of 'gom. bgorbgor CD, TC give as the present to 'gor1. bgyangbgyang TC. gives as the present of 'gyangs bgyidbgyidKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bgyisKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bgyiKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gyi(Zeisler 2004: 348).gyisKYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).chos dge ba sogsLZ, bya las sogs ND. To do, to make CD. To work, to do DK. To do an action DS. To do, to perform, to make, to carry out TC. bgrang'drenLZ, DK, (TC).grangsLZ. bgrangCD, DS, TC. bgreng [CD] 'grang[CD] bgrangsLZ, DK, DS, TC.bgrangLZ, DK, DS, TC.'drongsLZ. 'drendDK. bgrongsDS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sgrongNWH.grangs sogs(grangs) LZ.ma?G?i sogs('dren) LZ. To number, count, calculate CD. To count, calculate, find out by working with numbers DS. To count, enumerate, to compute, to calculate, to list, relate TC. bgradbgradLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'grad [CD], DK.dgrad(DS).bgradLZ, DK, [DS], TC.bgradLZ, DK, [DS] TC.bgradLZ. 'gradDK. bgrodTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.bsgradNWH.rkang pa sogsLZ. To open wide (bgrad) CD. To spread, enter ('grad)CD. To open widely, e.g. one's mouth or leg's &c. To stare DK. To open the eyes wide DS. 1. To open wide, to spread apart, to expose. 2. To stretch out TC. bgrilbgrilCD, TC. bgrilTC.bgrilTC.bgrilTC.TC.TC.'gril[TC] To fall down; to drop down CD. To cause to fall down, to bring down TC. bgrubgru DS gives as the present to bgrud. bgrunggrungsLZ. bgrungCD, ND, DS, TC. bgrungsCD.'grung DK.bgrungs LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bgrungLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.grungsLZ. -ND. bgrungsND, DS, TC.'grungs DK.ND. ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.chu'i rnyog pa sogsLZ.snyogs ma (-) ND. rnyog ma (bgrungs) NDA. [illegiblecharacter]gs ma na (?) (bgrungs) NDB. To strain; to depurate [sic] CD. To purify, to clean, to filter DK. To purify (water &c.) DS. To filter, to strain, to purify water TC. bgrudgrusLZ. bgrudCD, ND, DK, (DS). bgru DS, TC. bgrusLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bgruLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bkru ND.grusLZ, CD, DS. bgrud DK. bgrus TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.nas 'bras sogsLZ. yos dang 'gras sogsND. To clear of husks; to shell CD. To peel, to husk DK. To husk, to hull DS, TC. bgrebgreTC. (archaic) To wallow, to roll on the ground TC. bgre2bgreDK gives as the present of bgres. bgrengbgrengCD gives as 'occasionally for' sgeng, and as equivalent to bgrang bgresbgreDK. bgresDS, TC. bgresDK, [DS], TC.bgreDK. bgres[DS], TC.bgresDK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To grow old; to age DK. (honorific) To become aged, to grow old TC. Root given as bgre < *b-gria (Beyer 1992: 83 n. 16) Compare rga bgrobgroLZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. bgrosLZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.bgroLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bgrosLZ, DK, DS, TC. grosND. -ND.ND, DS, TC. ND.DS. TC.chos dang gzhang don sogsLZ. bka'ND 1. To argue, discuss, confer with, consider. 2. To resolve, decide CD. To discuss; to have a discussion; to debate DK. To discuss, confer DS. To discuss, consult, confer TC. bgrongbgrongND. bgrangsND. bgrongND. bgrangND. bgrongsNDB. bgrangsNDA. - ND.ND.ND.grangs suND.ND lists this verb twice once as bgrong, bgrong, -, -, and the second time with a textual problem in the imperative bgrong, bgrangs, bgrang, bgrongs / bgrangs. The verb is only given in ND and he gives very ambiguous data. It is possible the involuntary listing, which has no Characteristic Example, I have mis-read for bgrod, bgrod, -, -. bgrodbgrodLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grod[CD], (DK). bgrodLZ, DK, [DS], TC.bgrodLZ, DK, [DS], TC.bgrodLZ, DK. TC. -TC.TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).lam sogsLZ. To walk; to get over; wonder CD. To take route; to cross to go, to get through DK. 1. To go. 2. 'dod spyadDS. To go, to cross, to transverse TC. In the verb appendix of TC an imperative is given, but it is omitted in the body of the dictionary. mgarmgarDS, TC. mgar[DS], TC.mgar[DS], TC.mgorTC.TC.DS, TC. To smith DS. To forge utensils out of iron TC. mgumguLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mguLZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.mguLZ, DK, [DS], TC.mguLZ, DK. -ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.yid sogsLZ. 1. To rejoice, to be glad, joyful, content. 2. To exhilarate, to gladden, to make content CD. To rejoice; to satisfy; to be glad DK. To rejoice, to be pleased TC. Related by ablaut to dga(Simon 1971: 474). mgyogmgyogND. mgyogsND.mgyogND.-ND.ND, (Hoshi 2003).rta sogsND. To be quick NWH. 'gag'gagLZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC. 'gagsLZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC.'gagLZ, DK, DS, TC.'gagLZ, DK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gog(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)chu rgyun dang rnam rtog sogsLZ. To be stopped; to be halted CD. 1. To speak unclearly, to have difficulty speaking. 2. For something to be unable to be free from inside (e.g. a hole). 3. For a continuum to break off DS. To be blocked, to be obstructed TC. 'gang'gang DK. gives as the present of gang 'gad'gadDS, TC. bkadDS, TC.dgadDS, TC.khodDS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.'gas(Duff). 1. To crack, split apart. 2. To make the pedals of a flower open DS. To crack open, to blast apart TC. 'gabs'gabs DK. gives as the present of gab 'gam'gamLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'gamsLZ, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239). bgam DK. bgamsDS.'gamLZ, TC. dgamDK. bgamDS.'gomsLZ, DS, TC. 'gams DK.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239).phye rtsam sogsLZ. To cram into the mouth, especially of dry edibles CD. To throw food into the mouth DK. 1. To examine, determine, size up a situation 2. To put (tsam pa &c.) in to the mouth DS. To swallow, gulp down (used of barley flour and dry powders) TC. 'gal'galLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'galdLZ, DK. 'gal[DS], TC.'galLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'galdLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003).phan tshunLZ. To contradict, to disagree, to mistake CD. To be mistaken; to be violated, trespassed DK. To be contradictory, to contradict, to be contrary to TC. 'gas1'gasKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. 'ges CD. bkasKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. dgasKYT, CD, ND, DS, TC. bkas KYNZ.bkadKYNC, LZ. khosKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC. DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gas2[Chang 1971: vii.17] (Chang 1971: vii.27), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178). gasTC.mgo bo sogsLZ, dum bur kha sogsNDB, dum bur ka bkas sogsNDA. To split, to crack, to burst apart ('gas) CD. To split, cleave, divide ('ges) CD. To cleave, crack, split (wood &c.) by striking with a knife or axe DS. To crack, to split TC. This verb and dgas are not to be distinguished. 'gas2'gasLZ, CD, DK, TC. gasLZ, DK, TC.dgasLZ. 'gasDK, TC.gasLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gad(Duff). 'gas1 (Chang 1971: vii.27), (Rona-Tas 1985: 178)snod dang shel sogsLZ. To split, to crack, to burst apart CD. To be cracked, to be broken DK. To crack, to split open, to burst open TC. to be identified with gas. 'gi'giTC.(Skorupski 2001). (dialect) To be TC. 'gugs'gugKYT, KYN, (LZ), [CD], (ND), (DS). 'gugs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkugKYT, KYN, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkugsTD.dgugKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkug LZ.khugKYT, TD, ND, [CD], LZ, DS, TC. khugsKYN, DK.KYT, KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).khug(Gyurme 1992: 259).lcags kyu sogsTD, rnam shes dang grogs sogsLZ, mdun du tshe sogsND. To summon, bring back CD. To call, recall somebody; to cause to come; to bend something DK. 1. To make bend. 2. To overpower. 3. To change the characteristic of something into something else DS. 1. To bend, to cause to bend. 2. To summon, to call, to attract, to interest TC. 'gud'gud[CD], DK. gud[CD], DK.gudDK.gudDK. To go aside; to avoid DK.CD invites under 'gud ' v[ide] gud' and under gud ' v[ide] 'gud'. 'gum'gumCD (archaic), DK, TC. gumDK, TC.'gums(Chang 1971: vii.17).'gumDK, TC.gumsDK. -TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gums(Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259): (Duff). To die (of natural death, of disease) CD. To die DK, TC. Compare kum 'gums'gumsND, DK, DS, TC. 'gum(Chang 1971: vii.17)bkumsND, DS, TC. bkumDK.dgumND, DK, DS, TC.gumsND. 'gumsDK. khumDS. khumsTC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.'gum(Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)srog ND. To kill; to put to death DK. To kill DS, TC. 'gul'gulLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'guldLZ, DK. 'gul[DS], TC.'gulLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'gulLZ.'guldDK.-TCTC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgul(Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff)sa sogsLZ. To move, quake, shake CD. To become unsteady, to move DK. To move apart from a previous location, to change a previous characteristic or location DS. To move, to shake TC. 'gegs'gegs CD, DS give as a present of 'gog 'geng'gengKYT, KYN, LZ, (DK), DS. 'gengsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. bkangKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkangs LZ.dgangKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkang LZ.khengsKYT. khongKYN, CD, TC. khongsLZ, ND, DS. gengs LZ 'gengsDK.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gang(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)kheng(Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff)bum bchusTD. snod sogs('geng, bkang, bkang, khongs) LZ. mda'('gengs, bkangs, bkang, gengs) LZ. bum pa lta bu chu sogs kyis('gengs, bkhang, dgang, khongs)LZ. snod dang gzhu sogsND. To fill up, to satiate CD. To fill up; to fulfill; to pull the string of a bow with an arrow for shooting DK. 1. To fill. 2. To draw a bow string TC. Compare skong, and kheng. 'gebs'gebsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'geb (DK). bkabLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dgabLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bgabCD.khobsLZ, ND, DS. khobCD, DK, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).khebs(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 113), (Duff). gab (Chang vii.16-17), (Gyurme 1992: 259). sgab[CD], [Coblin 1986]khebs 'a cover'NWH.na bza' sogs kyisLZ, gos dang drebs sogs ?NDB, gos dang khebs sogsNDA. To cover up, to put on; to conceal CD. To cause to spread over; to cover; to put on, to wear DK. 1. To become obscure from darkness. 2. To hide, make secret DS. To conceal, to cover TC. 'gem'gemDS. 'gemsTC. 'gemsDS, TC.'gemDS. 'gemsTC.'gemsDS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To defeat, subdue, overcome DS. To crush TC. 'ger'ger DS gives as the present of dgar 'gel'gelCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. kalCD. bkaldND. bkalDK, DS, TC.dgalCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.kholCD, DS, TC kholdND. 'geldDK.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sgal[Coblin 1986] 'khel(Beyer 1992: 113).khal dang khral sogsND. To load, to lay on a burden, to impose tax or rent, to commission; to put, to place on, over; to impose a fine; to give punishment CD. To give responsibilities, to load; to impose, lay a tax, to levy a tax DK. 1. To burden cattle with a load. 2. To trust, hope. 3. For someone of high rank to impose a certain task or aim to be accomplished upon person of lower rank DS. 1. To impose, to burden. 2. To load a pack animal. 3. to hang. 4. To trust, to entrust TC. 'ges'ges CD gives as the present of dgas or 'gas 'go'goLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'gosLZ, CD, DK, DS. gosCD, TC.'goLZ, DK, DS, TC.gosLZ. 'gosDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.sgo(Chang 1971: vii.18), (Duff).lus lha dang skyon sogsLZ. To stain, lose color, dirty sully CD. To be infected; to be covered DK. For one thing to stick to or contaminate another thing DS. 1. To catch (an illness), to be infected. 2. To be stained, to be sullied, to have a stain or substance stick to oneself TC. 'gog1'gogKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'gogsCD. 'gegs CD, (DS).bkagKYT, KYN, TD, CD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgagKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgagsCD.khogsKYT, DK, DS. khog KYN, TD, LZ, ND, TC. KYT, KYN, TC, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276), (Hackett 2003).'gag(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)khegs(Beyer 1992: 113).gzhan gyi grub mtha' sogsTD, grub mtha' dang rgol ngan sogsLZ, lam sogs dgag bya ND. To prevent; to avert unfortunate events, as danger, to suppress, drive back, expel CD. To hinder, obstruct, keep back or in CD. To block, obstruct; to stop, hinder; limit DK. 1. To obstruct, to block, to interrupt. 2. To resist, to oppose TC. Compare bgag. 'gog2dgogLZ. 'gogCD, ND, DS, TC. dgogsDK bkogsLZ. bkogCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bkogLZ. dgogCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.gogLZ. khogCD, ND, DK, TC. khogsDS.CD, ND, DS TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.gog(Chang 1971: vii.17). khog (Gyurme 1992: 259).rtsa ba sogsLZ, rtsa ba nasND. 1. To take away forcibly; to snatch, take away, pull out. 2. To take off a cover, lid CD. To detach from; to pull out; to extract; to extirpate DK 1. For something which adheres together to separate apart. 2. To pluck, comb DS. 1. To extract, to pull out. 2. To detach, to scrape off, to peel off TC. 'gogs'gogs CD gives as the present of 'gog1. 'gong'gongCD, DK, DS, TC. bkongCD. 'gongsDK, DS.'gongDK, DS.'gongsDK. -DS.DS.DS. To bewitch, enchant, pass over, get the better of. (the past tense bkong in compounds means 'threat') CD. To be trespassed or violated; to be disgraced; to be afraid of DK. 1. To obtain release from entrapment. 2. To surpass, exceed DS. (archaic) 1. To be intimidated, to be afraid, to be oppressed. 2. To transgress. 3. To rival, to get the better of. 4. To demean, to put down. 5. To exceed, to go beyond. 6. To be released, to escape TC. Compare bkong1 and 'khong. 'god'godKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgodLZ.bgodKYTC, 'godKYTZ,bkodKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dgodKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'khodCD.khodKYT, KYNZ (see note), LZ, ND, CD, DS, TC. 'khodKYNC, TD, LZ, (DS). 'godDKKYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'khod(Beyer 1992: 112), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).'go(Chang vii.19, see note)gnas suTD, tshom bu dang yi ger sogs su('god) LZ, gral dang gnas su(dgod) LZ. rgyan dang bde dang bral sogsND. 1. To design, project, plan; to found, establish, lay out; to fix, put ('god) CD. To build, arrange, plan (bkod) CD. To register, make a record; to coronate, enthrone; to make peace; to put a signature or seal on DK. 1. To insert, to establish, to put, to secure. to rectify. 2. To design, to formulate, to plan out, to build, to lay out. 3. To write, to sign, to record, to document TC. Root given as *go+d (Chang 1971: vii.18).KYNZ has an erasure of one character i.e. 'khod may have been the original reading. (Chang 1971: vii.18) suggests that 'god functions as a causative of 'go in Lhasa dialect. (Uray 1972: 19) connects this verb with mkhos/khos/khod 'institution, administration, settlement of the state' along with the verbs, sko and 'khod. (Takeuchi 1990: 175) suggests that the noun god 'order to execute' is derived from the intransitive perfect form of this verb. 'gomgomLZ'gomCD, DK, DS, TC. bgom CD, ND. bgoms (CD).bgomsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bgomdLZbgomND, DK, DS, TC.'gomLZ- ND. gomsDK, DS. bgomsTC. NDDS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rkang pa sogs kyisLZ. gom paNDA, gom pasNDB. To walk, step, stride, pace (bgom) CD. 1. To tread. 2. (Acc. Sch. = 'ges, 'gum) To pass over, = 'gro('gom) CD. To walk; to pace DK. To pass thither from above DS. To walk over, to cross over, to pass over TC. 'gor1bgorCD, TC. 'gor CD, DK, DS. bgordDK.bgor DS, TC.bgorDK, DS, TC.'gordDK. bgorDS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.'gor2(Duff). To linger, loiter in the way; delay CD. To delay; to detain DK. To make time pass DS. To take [time], to elapse, to delay TC. 'gor2'gorLZ, CD, DK, TC. 'gordLZ, DK. 'gor TC.'gorLZ, DK, TC.'gordLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 271), (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 271).'gor1(Duff)dus dang lam sogs suLZ. To tarry, linger, loiter CD. To be delayed; to be late DK. To take time, to be delayed TC. 'gol'golCDgives as the present to gol. 'gold'goldDKgives as the present to gol. 'gyag'gyagCD, DK. gyagsDK. gyagDK.'gyagsDK. To be sold, spend, expended (Cs.) CD. To lose, to destroy DK.CD suggests comparison with skyag 'gyang'gyangCD, DK, DS, TC. 'gyangsCD, DK, DS, TC.'gyangDK, DS, TC.'gyangsDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gyangs(Duff). sgyang NWH. To be delayed, postponed, farthest [sic] CD. To be delayed; to be late DK. For time to pass DS. To delay, to postpone, to put off TC. 'gyangs'gyangsLZ, DK. bgyangTC.bgyangsLZ, DK, (DS), TC.brgyangs(LZ).bgyangLZ, DK, (DS), TC.'gyangsLZ, DK.bgyongsTC.TC. TC.'gyang(Duff)dus dang yun sogsLZ. To delay DK. To cause a delay DS. To postpone, delay TC. Compare sgyang 'gyas'gyasDK. gyasDK.gyaDK.gyosDK. To decay; to diminish DK. 'gying'gyingLZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. 'gyingsLZ, DK, TC. 'gyingND.'gyingLZ, DK, TC.'gyingLZ. 'gyingsDK, TC. - ND.ND.TC. TC.sgying(Duff).nyams kyisLZ. 1. To assume air or appearance of greatness; to sit lifting up in the manner of a lion. 2. To look haughtily; to look down upon; to slight a person CD. To assume a posture, to pose DK. To put on airs, to act haughtily or arrogantly TC. 'gyu'gyuLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'gyusLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.'gyuLZ, DK, DS, TC.'gyuLZ. 'gyusDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.dus tshe sogs laLZ. To move quickly to and fro (e.g. lightning, a mirage, the mind) CD. To focus one's mind on an object; to scatter from the intended object of meditation; to form the limbs of a child in the womb DK. 1. To quiver back and forth. 2. To be mentally distracted DS. To move TC. Compare rgyu 'gyur'gyurLZ, CD DS. 'gyurdDK. - TC (see note).gyurd LZ.gyurCD, DK, DS, TC.'gyurDS, TC (see note).'gyurLZ, DK, DS, TC.'gyurLZ.gyurdDK.-DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Goldstein 1991: 130), (Hackett 2003).sgyur[CD], (Chang 1971: vii.20-21), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). 1. To become; to grow, increase, change. 2. (Annexed to an infinitive may denote either the perfect or future tense, the context decides in every instance how it is to be understood) CD. To change, become DK. For an essence, ingredient, circumstance &c. to arise as different from before DS. 1. To change, alter. 2. To turn into, become TC.DS gives two verbs 'gyur, gyur, 'gyur, - and 'gyur, 'gyur, 'gyur -, just like TC does. However for DS the two definitions are the same. TC lists 'gyur, 'gyur, 'gyur, -, and -, gyur, 'gyur, - as two verbs the second immediatley following the first in his verb tables. However in the body of the dictionary under 'gyur the first definition is listed without verb stems. The second definition is listed with the stems: 'gyur, gyur, 'gyur, - with the definition 'to be established, or arise different than before'. (Li yung khrang 1988) which is supposed to be an excerpt of verb material form TC is exactly the same but lists defintion one with the stems: 'gyur, 'gyur, 'gyur, -. (Hoshi 2003) also distinguishes two verbs NWH. 'gye1 'gye LZ, CD, DS. give as the present of 'gyes 'gye2'gye LZ gives as the present of 'gyed1 'gyed1'gyeLZ. 'gyed(LZ), CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkyesLZ, ND, DS, TC. bgyesCD.bkyeDK, (DS). bkyeLZ, CD, TC. dgyeND, DS. dgyedDK.bkyeLZ. kyes(LZ). khyesND, (DS), TC. 'gyedDK. khyeDS.ND, DS, TC.CD (def. 1), DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gyes(Chang 1971: vii.20).'khyed (Coblin 1986), (Beyer 1992: 113)'od zer sogsLZ,sprul pa 'od sbyin ND. 1. To divide, to scatter, disperse. 2. To institute, set going. 3. To give an entertainment, banquet CD. To focus rays; to send; to distribute; to fight a war DK. 1. To deploy (troops in battle). 2. To apply paint, varnish.3. To mutually fight. 4. To give, having divided into pieces. 5. To give off, radiant light DS. 1. To send, to dispatch. 2. To emit. 3. To display, to send forth. 4. To dispute. 5. To give TC. 'gyed2'gyedDS. dgyed(DS). bkyedDS.bgyedDS. dgyed(DS).khyedDS.DS.DS. To stretch, prolong DS. 'gyed3'gyedLZ. 'gyedLZ.'gyedLZ.'gyedLZ.'gyed ston sogsLZ. perhaps to be connected with 'gyed1 'gyer'gyerdCD. 'gyerDK, DS, TC. gyerDK.'gyerDK.gyerdDK.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To drop, or let fall; to throw down; to quit, abandon, throw away (Sch.) CD. To give up; to abandon DK. (archaic) 1. To get rid of, hide away. 2. To separate, break a connection DS. (archaic) To renounce, to abandon TC. 'gyel'gyelLZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. 'gyeldLZ. 'gyelND, [DS], TC.gyel(Chang 1971: vii.20)'gyelLZ, [DS], TC.'gyelLZ. -ND, TC. gyel(Chang 1971: vii.20)ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).[CD], DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgyelCD, (Chang 1971: vii.20), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).sa laLZ. To fall; to tumble down CD. (for a person or upright thing) To lie horizontally DS. To fall, to collapse TC. Root given as gyel < *gyal < gal (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15) 'gyes'gye LZ, CD, DS.'gyesCD, ND, DK, TC. gyesCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'gyesLZ.'gyesND, TC.'gyeLZ, DK, DS.gyesLZ, CD, ND. gyedDK. -DS, TC. ND, CD.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC, DS.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).'gyed(Chang 1971: vii.20), [Coblin 1986].so sorLZ, ND. 1. To be dispersed; to be divided. 2. To issue, proceed, spread, branch from CD. To become separate; to disperse; to be divorced DK. 1. To separate, place apart DS. To be separated, to separate, to split TC. Root given as gye < *gya < *ga (Beyer 1992: 84 n. 15). cf. 'gas. 'gyog'gyogLZ, CD, DS, TC. 'gyagsLZ. bkyagsDS, TC.'gyogLZ, DS. bkyagTC.chogsLZ. khyogsDS. khyog(DS), TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.], (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137).mgron 'grul rnamsLZ. To ascend CD. To lift, hold a thing up DS. To raise, to lift, to support TC. 'gyod'gyodCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'gyodND, DK, [DS], TC.'gyodDK, [DS], TC.'gyodDK. - ND, TC.ND, TC.DS, TC. To repent; to grieve for. To lament, relent (not only for bad, but also for good actions, when the latter are attended with disadvantages) CD. To repent; to feel sorry; to befall of regret DK. To mentally suffer latter on account of an action previously done DS. To regret, to fell remorse, to feel sorry TC. 'grags'grags CD. gives as a present of grags1 and grags2 'grang'grangLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grangsLZ, [CD], DK, DS, TC.'grangLZ, DK, DS, TC.'grangLZ. 'grangsDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 249).zas sogs kyisLZ. To satisfy with food; to satiate CD. To be full (after meals) DK. To be sated, satiated, to be full TC. 'grang2'grang [CD] gives as the present of bgrang 'grad'grad CD, DK give as the present of bgrad. 'gran'granLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.'grandLZ, DK. 'gran[DS], TC.'granLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'granLZ. 'grandDK. -TC.TC.DS, TC.sgrun[CD].phan tshun rtsal sogsLZ. To vie with, contend with; to strive (for victory) CD. To compete, to challenge DK. To contest for victory DS. To rival, to compete, to contest, to hold a test TC. 'grams'gramsCD, DK, TC. gramDK. 'gramsTC.'gramDK. 'gramTC.gramsDK. -TC.TC.TC. To spread over CD. To be spread out, dispersed, scattered DK. To pervade, to diffuse, to be agitated TC. Compare gram and 'grem 'gras'grasLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'grasLZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.'grasLZ, DK, [DS], TC.'grasLZ, DK. -ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dgra sogs dangLZ. To hate, to bear ill-will, to have spite against CD. To have spite; to hate DK. For the thought of fighting against an enemy to arise DS. To come to hate, to dislike TC. related to noun dgra 'enemy'. 'grig'grigLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grigsLZ, DK, DS, TC.'grigLZ, DK, DS, TC.'grigsLZ. 'grigsDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Abs. Obl.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166). (Hackett 2003).'khrig(Beyer 1992: 112).sgrig[CD], (Chang 1971: vii.19), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).rten 'brel sogsLZ. To suit, agree, correspond; to be right CD. To be suitable; to be fitting; to be ok DK. 1. To agree, accord, be in harmony. 2. To be appropriate, suitable DS. 1. To suit, to be suitable. 2. To make harmonious, to reconcile TC. 'grib'gribCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. grib(Zeisler 2004: 462).'gribND, [DS], TC. 'gribsDK.'gribDK, [DS], TC.'gribsDK. -ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgrib[CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259). 1. To grow dim; to get dark (Cs.) 2. To grow less, to decrease, to be diminished, to decay CD. To be diminished; to decay; to become smaller; to be reduced DK. To become smaller, to become fewer DS. 1. To decrease, to decline. 2. To grow dim, to be covered to set, to disappear TC.(Beyer 1992: 73) suggests comparison with rab rib 'mist, dimness'. 'grim'grimLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grimsLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.'grimLZ, DK, DS, TC.grimsLZ. 'grimsDK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).za tugs dang chos grwa sogsLZ. To march about, perambulate; to rove or stroll about; walk round CD. To wander from place to place; to travel widely, to advance through monastic life, &c. DK. 1. To go to many places. 2. To link from one thing to another DS. To travel, to journey, to wander, to undergo, to attend TC. 'gril'grilCD, DS, TC. 'grildDK. grilCD, DS, DS. 'grilTC.'grilDK, DS, TC.grildDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgril[CD], (Rona-Tas 1978: 359), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). 1. To be twisted or wrapped round, to be collected, concentrated; to flock or crowd together. 2. To be turned, rounded, made circular or cylindrical. 3. To fall, drop down (for 'khril Sch.) CD. To roll up; to snowball DK. 1. To twist, turn. 2. (according to some dag yig 'spelling primers') To collect together, to wrap in DS. 1. To be rolled up, to recoil, to be condensed, to be assembled. 2. To roll down TC. Root given as ril (Rona-Tas 1978: 359), (Beyer 1992: 73)(Rona-Tas 1978: 359) calls 'dril 'to be turned, rolled round, twisted into a thing.' the 'passive' of this verb, in addition he suggests a connection to the adjective hril po 'round, globular, close, dense' and the noun ril ba 'scroll'. (Beyer 1992: 73) similarly suggests comparision with ril po 'round'. 'gru'gruCD. gives as the present of 'grus. 'grung'grung DK gives as the present of bgrung 'grub'grubLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grubsDK. grubLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.'grubLZ, DK, DS, TC.'grubLZ. grubsDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).[CD], DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgrub(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).grabs 'preparation' (Simon 1971: 474).bsam don sogsLZ. (Situ 69) To be accomplished; to be made ready, to be finished CD. To be accomplished DK. 1. To become, arise. 2. To exist, stay. 3. To know, understand DS. To become accomplished, to be made, to be fulfilled, to be completed TC. 'grum'grumCD.'grumsDK.grumsDS. grumTC. drum (TC).grumsCD, DK, [DS], TC.'grumDK.grums[DS]. grumTC. grumsDK.-TC.TC.DS, TC. To pinch, nip off (the point of a thing); to cut off; to prime, lop, clip the wings (Cs.) CD. To be broken or cracked DK. To break into many pieces DS. 1. To be broken, to be damaged. 2. To be exhausted, to be worn out TC. 'grul'grulCD, DK, TC. 'gruldDK. 'grulTC.'grulDK, TC.'gruldDK. -TC.TC.TC.'khrul(Beyer 1992: 112). 1. To walk; to pass; to ravel. 2. Fig. To walk, to live, act, or behave. 3. To pass as good; to be current (of coins) CD. To journey; to go DK. To travel, to tour, to take a trip TC. 'grus'grusLZ, TC. 'gruCD.'grusLZ, [CD], TC.grusCD.'grusLZ, TC.'grusLZ, TC.TC.DS, TC.chos phyogs laLZ. To bestow pains upon a thing CD. To persevere, to be diligent TC. 'gre'greLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. 'gresLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.'greLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.'gresLZ, ND, DK. -ND, DS, TC.NDND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgre(Chang 1971: vii.19), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).snga phyiLZ, rigsND. To roll one's self CD. To apply a same reasoning; to adjust one's sleeping position DK. 1. To turn over the body while lying down. 2. To use previous reasoning to consider an new topic DS. 1. To be collated, to be juxtaposed, to be mixed. 2. To toss and turn. 3. (archaic) To move TC. 'greng'grengLZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'grengsLZ, DK, TC. 'grengND, [DS].'grengLZ, DK, [DS], TC.grengsLZ. -ND. 'grengsDK, TC.ND.TC. DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sgreng[CD], (Chang 1971: vii.19), [Coblin 1986], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).gyen dang lus sogsLZ. To stand CD. To rise up; to get up DK. To stand up, to rise up TC. 'gred'gredLZ, (DS), (TC). give as a present of 'dred 'grem1'gremKYT, KYN, CD, (ND), DS. 'gremsLZ, ND, DK, (CD), TC. bkramKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.dgramKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.khromsKYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC.khremsDK.KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gram(Gyurme 1992: 258)(Duff).rgyan dar sogsLZ, chu dang gcal duND. To spread (as of grain, for drying) CD. To scatter; to spread out DK. To spread, to lay out many things DS. To be spread out, to lay out, to distribute TC. 'grem2'gremLZ. 'gremsLZ.'gremLZ.gremsLZ.chab sogsLZ. 'grel1'grelLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bkraldLZ, ND, DK. bkralDS, TC.dgrolLZ, DS, TC. dgralND. bkralDK.'greldLZ, DK. khroldND. khrolDS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).gzhung tshig sogsLZ. dgongs la khyal dang 'grelNDB.dgongs la khyal dang 'grel paNDA.1. To beg, supplicate. 2. To put in, arrange. 3. To explain, comment upon CD. To classify; to elucidate meaning; to explain in detail DK. To comment on, to elucidate the difficult points of a text TC. 'grel2'grelND. 'grelND. 'gro'groCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. songCD, DS. 'groND.phyindDK.phyinTC.'groDK, DS, TC.songCD, DK, DS, TC. rgyu (Denwood 1999)CD, DS, TC, (Goldstein 1991: 93), (Gyurme 1992: 251), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Goldstein 1991: 93), (Gyurme 1992: 251).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To go, to live CD. To go, to move DK. 1. To go, to proceed, to set off, to move. 2. To be acceptable [to the senses]. 3. To hold, to contain. 4. To become. 5. To be used for TC. Root given as 'gro < ' + TB *ga + *ro, *ro < TB *ra 'to come' (Delancey 1908: 233)song < s + *ong, *ong < TB *wang (Delancey 1980: 233). The past tense song is more typical of eastern dialects whereas phyin more of central dialects (Tournadre pers. comm.). Denwood's imperative is for Lhasa dialect. For more etymological thoughts on motion verbs compare 'ong. 'grogs'grogsCD, ND, DK, TC. 'grog(DK), DS. 'grogsND, DK, DS, TC.'grogsDK, TC. 'grog(DK), DS.-ND, DS.'grogsDK, TC.ND, DS.TC. DS. TC.[Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368), (Hackett 2003). To associate with; to keep company, to be in the company of; to accompnay CD. To be accompanied by; to associate with; to stay together DK. To act with mutual connection, to co-habitate, to co-operate DS. To accompany, to associate with TC. Perhaps to be compared with rogs 'help' 'grong'grongND, DSgive as the present of dgrong 'grongs'grongND.'grongsDK, TC. 'grongND. grongDK. grongs. TC.'grongDK. 'grongsTC.-ND, TC. grongsDK.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.dgrong(Chang 1971: vii.18), (Gyurme 1992: 259).ro'corpse'(Hahn 1999: 124) To die CD. (honorific) To die TC. Root given as 'g- ro - ng (Hahn 1999: 124) 'grod'grod DK gives as a present of bgrod 'grol'grolKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dgrolLZ.bkrolKYT, KYN, DK, DS, TC. bkroldTD, LZ, ND.dgrolKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. khrolKYT, DS, TC.khroldKYN, LZ, ND, DK. groldTD, LZ.KYT, KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. grol (Chang 1971: vii.18),(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). sgrol[Duff]mdud pa sogsTD,mdud bcings sogs ('grol) LZ,bcings pa sogs(dgrol) LZ, mdud pa khrims ND. To unravel, to make loose, to set free, to unfasten CD. To loosen; to set free from bondage DK. 1. (for a knot, tied rope &c.) To unravel, unwind. 2. (for a higher ranking [person]) To allow, approve DS. 1. To untie, to unravel, to liberate, to release, to unfasten. 2. To comment on, to elucidate TC. 'grol2'grol or'grold CD, DK, (Bielmeier 1988: 20)give as the present to grol. rgargaCD, DK, DS, TC. rgadDK. rgasCD, DK, DS, TC.rgaDK, DS, TC.rgasDK. -DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To be old, aged. 2. To go down, to set (of the sun) (Ja) CD. To become old; to become physically weak, to become lean and thin DK. 1. (for men or cattle) To age. 2. To become old, for time to pass DS. To age, to grow old TC. Root given as rga < *gra (Beyer 1992: 85 n.16) related to the nouns rgad po, rgad mo, rgan po, rgan mo, rgas po, rgas mo 'old man, old woman' and the verb bgres. rgalrgolLZ, ND, (DS). rgalCD, DK, DS, TC. brgaldLZ, ND, DK.brgalCD, DS, TC. brgalLZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.rgoldLZ, ND, DK. rgolCD, DS, TC. CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).sgrol[Beyer 1992: 85]chu sogs dang gzhan dangLZ, phar laND. To ford (a river), to travel through, to pass over, to surmount a pass CD. To cross the river, to cross a limit, to take a bath DK. To cross (a river, valley, pass). 2. To pass, exceed a measure. 3. To go into water DS. To cross, to traverse, to go beyond, to exceed TC. Root given as rgal < *gral (Beyer 1992: 85).CD gives rgal ba and rgal pa, the latter perhaps indicates the variant rgald pa. rgudrgudLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rgudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.rgudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.rgudLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rlung rta sogsLZ. To decline, to sink, grow fail CD. To decay; to decline; to become weak or smaller DK. To break down (of power, ability &c. ) DS. To decline, to deteriorate TC. rgodrgod CD, DK give as a separate verb from and DS, TC give as an an alternate present to dgod. rgolrgolKYN, CD, DK, DS, TC. brgaldKYN, DK. brgalTC.rgolCD. rgol[DS].brgalKYN, ND, DK, TC. brgolDK.rgoldKYN.rgol DK, TC.KYN, ND, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To dispute, combat, fight, make controversy CD. To find out by debating, to debate DK. 1. To fight. 2. To negate DS. To oppose, to attack, to assault, to resist TC. Whether KYN intends these forms here or a rgal cannot be known. rgya1rgyaCD, ND, TC. rgyasDK, DS.rgyasCD, ND, [DK], DS, TC.rgyaND, TC.rgyasDK, [DS].-ND, TC.rgyasND, DK.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).ND.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).sangs(-) ND, sangs rgya dmigs rgya (rgyas) ND.To increase in bulk or quantity, to augment, to spread CD. To increase, enlarge, flourish DK. To increase, to multiply DS. To increase, to swell, to grow larger, to develop TC. rgya2rgyaCD. To be useful and of service, to exert oneself CD. rgyag1rgyobLZ. rgyabCD, DK. rgyag(CD Central Dialect), DK, DS, TC. rgyegND.brgyabLZ, CD, DS, TC.brgyabsND, DK, (DS). rgyag DK.brgyabLZ, CD, DK, DS. brgyagND, TC. rgyag DK. rgyobLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rgyabs DK. rgyag DK. CD, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 166), (Hackett 2003).zor dang mtshon sogsLZ. rdo sogsND. To throw, to fling; to hit, to beat, to strike CD. The meaning of this verb differs according to context, e.g. to build; to shoot; to reply; to mark, etc. DK. 1. i. To strike, to hit. ii. A house, wall etc. to make new. iii. To propel to cast 2. In the colloquial language there are many definitions, used like 'jug DS. To project, propel away, send off; to enter, place inside; to do; to make TC. Root given as rgyab < *gryab (Beyer 1992: 4)DK lists two verbs rgyag, rgyag, rgyag, rgyag and and rgyab, rgyabs, brgyab, rgyabs/rgyob with nearly identical meanings. (Chang 1984) conjectures that the termination -b is original. This verb is frequently added to nouns to form new verbs, it generally indicates a voluntary verb, whereas 'thebs is used in the same way to indicate lack of volition or to show that the action was well done (Chang 1984). rgyag2rgyag TC. brgyabTC.rgyag TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To rise, to emit TC. rgyags1rgyagsLZ, DK, TC. rgyag DS. brgyagsLZ, DK, DS, TC.brgyagLZ, DK, DS, TC.rgyagsLZ, DK. rgyogs DS. - TC.DS.TC, (Hoshi 2003). : DS. TC.nor dang nga rgyal sogs kyisLZ. To use provisions on a journey DK. To give a bribe of wealth DS. To be full, to be satisfied, to be satiated TC.LZ evidently conflates this verb with the following. TC fits here morphologically but semantically is better at brgyags. The relationship between these three verbs (rgyags1, rgyags2, brgyags) is hardly clear. rgyags2rgyagsDK, TC. rgyagsDK, TC. rgyagsDK, TC. rgyagsDK. - TCTC. TC. To be self satisfied, to be haughty, priggish DK. To be self satisfied TC. rgyangrgyang(CD), DK. brgyangsDK.brgyangDK.rgyangsDK. To stretch, extend, stretch forth (one's hands to a person), put out (the tongue); spread; distend (the wings, a curtain) CD. To cause to be delayed; to extend DK. Root given as rgyang < *gryang (Beyer 1992: 85). Compare rgyong and rkyong. rgyanrgyanLZ, DK, DS, TC. brgyandLZ, DK brgyan DS, TC.brgyanLZ, DK, DS, TC.rgyandLZ, DK. rgyanDS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rgyan 'ornament' (Beyer 1992: 111)rgyan dang dar sogs kyisLZ. To ornament; to beautify or to decorate, to wear or to put on DK. To adorn, ornament DS. To adorn, ornament, to decorate TC. rgyabrgyabCD, DK. give as the present to rgyag. rgyal1rgyalLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. rgyaldLZ, DK. rgyal[DS], TC.rgyalLZ, DK, [DS], TC.rgyalLZ, DK. -TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Abs. Abl/Ela.] (Hackett 2003).gzhan dang sho sogs lasLZ. To be victorious; to win; to conquer; to subdue, to overpower CD. To win, conquer, subdue DK. 1. To remain having defeated an opposing side or enemy. 2. To be superior than another DS. To be victorious, to conquer TC. rgyal2rgyal DK. gives as the present of brgyal. rgyasrgyas DK, DS give as the present of rgya. rgyurgyuCD, DK, DS, TC. rgyuDK, [DS], TC.rgyuDK, [DS], TC.rgyuDK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. To go, walk, move, wander, range (this verb is generally used instead of 'gro in Sikkim) CD. To go; to move DK. To go DS. To move, to roam, to go TC. Compare 'gyu rgyurgyu DK, DS, (TC). give as the present to rgyud. rgyug1rgyugDK, TC. rgyugDK. rgyugsTC.rgyugDK, TC.rgyugDK. rgyugsTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To run; to race DK. 1. To run. 2. To flow. 3. To sell, engage in commerce TC. rgyug2rgyugTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brgyugsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brgyugTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rgyugsTD, LZ, ND, DS, TC. rgyug DK. - ND.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 292), (Hoshi 2003).ND.DS. TC. [Erg.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 292). [Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).rta sogsTD, sngon rjes sogs su LZ, rta zong dang sogs(rgyugs) NDB, rta dang zong sogs(rgyugs) NDA, zong sogs(-) ND. To run CD. To run a race; to make one run DK. To race TC. rgyugsrgyugsDK. rgyugsDK. rgyugsDK. rgyugsDK. To serve; to serve drink DK. rgyungrgyungDS. rgyungsDS.rgyungDS.rgyungsDS.DS.DS. To wash the stomach (as with cleansing medicine) DS. rgyudrgyudTD, LZ, CD, ND, TC. rgyuDK, DS, (TC). brgyusTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.brgyuTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rgyusTD, LZ, ND, DS, TC.TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.phreng ba sogsTD, LZ. skud pa mig laND. To tie, fasten, connect together (rgyud) CD. To make a string of, to stick together (brgyus) CD. To string; to put in line DK. To put a rope or thread through a hole DS. To thread, to stringTC. rgyud2rgyud DK. gives as present to brgyud. rgyegrgyeg ND. gives as the present of rgyag rgyorgyoCD, DK, DS (dialect), TC. brgyosCD, DK, DS.brgyoCD, DK, DS.rgyosCD, DK, DS.CD, DS, (Hoshi 2003). To have sexual intercourse; (acc. to Cs.) To deflower, ravish CD. To deflower; to have sexual intercourse DK. To have sexual intercourse DS. (archaic) To have sexual intercourse TC. rgyongrgyongLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brgyang CD. brgyangsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brgyangLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rgyongsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.pags pa sogsLZ, gru sogsND. To extend, stretch forth, distend (rgyong) CD. To extend, stretch out, set out, arrange (brgyang) CD. To fill up, to stretch DK.1. To stretch, to extend, to distend. 2. To fill up TC. Root given as *rgyang < *gryang (Coblin 1986). rgyobrgyobLZ. gives as the present to rgyag rgyorrgyorCD. To kill CD. sgagsgagLZ, CD, TC. bsgagsLZ, TC.bsgagLZ, TC.khogLZ.sgogsTC.TC. TC.mna' sogsLZ. To ravish, to copulate; to embrace in sexual union CD. To bind, to tie, to fasten TC. sgangsgangCD, ND, DK. bsgangCD, DK. bsgongsND.bsgangCD, ND, DK.sgongsND. sgangsDK.ND.gangNWH.zas sogsND. To grow, become full (Cs.) CD. To cause to fill DK. Compare kheng, skong, 'geng. sgabsgabLZ, CD, TC. sgobDK.bsgabsLZ, DK. bsgabTC.bsgabLZ, DK, TC.sgobsLZ, DK. sgobTCTC. TC.'gebs[CD], (Coblin 1986).'dri dang sri sogsLZ. To cover CD. To cause to cover or to spread over; to cause to wear or patch DK.1. To cover, to conceal. 2. To protect TC. Compare the noun khebs 'a cover'. sgarsgarDK, TC. bsgardDK. bsgarTC.bsgarDK, TC.sgordDK. sgorTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To dip fry; to solidify in oil DK. 1. To condense, solidify. 2. To attach, to fit, to insert TC. sgalsgalCD. 'gel[Coblin 1986]. To carry a load (on one's back), to cause a load to be carried on the back of a beast of burden CD. Compare the noun khal 'a load, burden'. sgugsgugTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgugsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgugLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. TD gives bsgrub, an obvious manuscript error.sgugsTD, LZ, CD, NDB, DK, DS, TC. skugsNDA.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 306).rjes laTD, grogs po sogs LZ, lam du ND. To wait CD, DK. To wait for TC. This word may be a causative formed on a stem *gug. Perhaps it is cognate to 'gugs pa 'to summon' and 'gugs pab po 'one who is summoned, a waiter' (Coblin 1986). sgursgurLZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsgurdLZ, DK. bsgurTC. sgur[DS].sgurLZ, [DS]. bsgurDK, TC.sgurdLZ, DK. sgurTC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.rked pa sogsLZ. To become afraid CD. To cause to bow down, to bend down DK. Of the body, to bend forward DS. To bend, to bend down TC. sgulsgulLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsguld LZ, ND, DK. bsgulCD, DS, TC.bsgulLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sguldLZ, ND, DK. sgulDS, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 248).[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gul[CD], (Chang 1971: vii.17), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).lag pa sogs kyisLZ, g-yo ba'iND. To move, agitate, put in motion CD. To shake; to cause to move DK. 1. To make something move, or shake. 2. To cause a transformation DS. To move, to shake, to agitate TC. sgegsgegCD. (Goldstein 2001) To brag, boast (Cs.) CD. To be charming, graceful (Goldstein 2001) sgosgoLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgosLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgoLZ, [CD], ND, DK, DS, TC.sgosLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'go(Chang 1971: vii.18) (Duff, def. 2 )dri bzang sogs skyisLZ, dka' dang dus ra dri ma sogs (?)ND. (obsolete) To say; to speak, (mostly) to bid, to order CD. To order; to cause to be predisposed; to be habituated DK. 1. To make one thing to stick to or contaminate another thing. 2. To teach to another DS 1. To command, to order, to exhort, to instruct. 2. To be contaminated, to be polluted TC.CD lists the fut seperatley with definition 'to rub with; to apply on'. (Chang 1971: vii.18) only gives the definition 'to soil, stain, defile, infect with disease'. sgogsgogCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgagsCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgagCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgogsND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.mna' ND. To make one swear (Cs.) CD. To make one swear; to cause to take an oath DK. 1. To bind tightly. 2. To restrict, prohibit. 3. To coerce, force, compel DS. To take an oath, to swear an oath TC. sgong1sgongTD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. . bsgangsTD, LZ, DS. bsgongs CD, DK, (DS), TC.bsgangTD, LZ, DS. bsgong CD, DK, (DS), TC.sgongsTD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. sgong CD.TD, CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). DS, TC.zan sogsTD, zas sogs dang gcig tuLZ. To make in tea balls to eat [sic], to make round balls of dough (Cs.). CD. To make a globular mass: to heap; to make paste for food DK. To make into a ball (barley flower &c.) DS.To make into a ball TC. sgong2sgongDS, TC. sgong[DS].bsgongs TC.sgong[DS].bsgong TC.sgongsTC TC. DS, TC. To load firewood &c. on to a fire DS. (dialect) To heap fuel onto a fire TC. sgongssgongCD.sgongsCD. To hide; to conceal (a thing) (Sch.) CD. sgobsgobDK. gives as the present of sgab. sgomsgomKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgomsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgomKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgomsKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgom CD.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).goms[Duff].ting nge 'dzinTD, ting nge 'dzind sogsLZ, ting 'dzinND. 1. (originally) to fancy, imagine. 2. (now, with accusative and dative) To meditate, contemplate systematically. 3. (with accusative and terminative, or with double accusative) To have; to entertain; to reproduce (in one's mind) CD. To meditate, to practice meditation; to cultivate in meditation DK. To bring to memory again and again in the mind DS. To meditate TC. sgorsgorLZ, CD, ND, DS. bsgardLZ, ND. bsgar CD, DS.bsgarLZ, CD, ND, DS.sgordLZ, ND. sgor DS.ND, DS.DS.bu ram sogsLZ, bu ramND. 1. To boil down; to condense by boiling. 2. To turn on a lathe (Ja) CD. 1. To make syrup by boiling down tree sap. 2. (dialect) To invert a vessel DS. sgyangsgyangLZ, DS. sgyongND. bsgyangsLZ, ND, DS. bsgyangLZ, NDA, DS. bsgyongNDB.sgyangsLZ, ND. sgyongsDS.DS.DS.'gyangNWH.dus sogsLZ. ring du ND. To cause a delay DS. Compare 'gyangs sgyingsgyingLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS. bsgyingsTC. bsgyingsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgyingLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgyingsTC. sgyingsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. - TC.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS. TC.'gying[CD], (Duff).nyams kyis rnam parLZ, seng ge rnam par ND. To yawn, to gape CD. To display emotion through physical posture DK. To yawn and to stretch out the limbs when tired.2. To straighten. 3. To leap, jump, to be erect. 1. To sigh, to stretch the limbs. 2. To straighten. 3. To leap, to jump, to act haughtily TC. sgyursgyurKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgyurdKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. bsgyurCD, DS, TC.bsgyurKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgyurdKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK. sgyurDS, TC.KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gyurCD, (Chang 1971: vii.20-21), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)chos sogsTD, chos sogs dang chos kyisLZ, dbang dang skad mdog bon chos ND. 1. To transform, alter, change, to correct; translate; revise. 2. To cast aside; dissuade, divert; to turn; to cause to turn. 3. To govern, steer, control (sgyur) CD. To multiply, increase (bsgyur) CD. To translate; to change; to transform; to multiply DK. 1. To change, transform (method, essence, characteristic, direction, &c.). 2. To translate. 3. To take control, power. 4. To make various kinds of sound appear (from an instrument &c.). 5. To multiply. 6. To show various styles of body (as in dance &c.). 7. To drive away, expel, repel, reverse DS. 1. To change, to transform, to alter. 2. To translate, to interpret. 3. (math) To multiply, times, fold TC. sgyelsgyelTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgyeldTD, LZ, ND, DK. bsgyelCD, DS, TC.bsgyelTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgyeldTD, LZ, ND, DK. sgyelDS, TC.TD, ND, DS, TC.CD, DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gyelCD, (Chang 1971: vii.20), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).rtsig pa sogsTD, shing dang gyang sogs LZ, kan rkyal dang par la NDB.gan rkyal dang phar laNDA. To throw down, to overturn, to lay or put down (a bottle, a book); to thwart (the charm of an enemy); to kill (Ja) CD. To cause to fall down; to cause to break down, to overturn DK. To cause to a person or upright thing to lie horizontally DS. To cause to fall down, to bring down to overthrow, to thwart, to be thrown down TC. Compare dgyel sgyongsgyongCD. bsgyongsCD.bsgyongCD. 1. To fill, to stuff (a sausage). 2. (colloquial in West) to put into (the pocket) CD. Perhaps originally = sgong 'to hide' CD. sgyong2sgyongND gives as the present of sgyang sgrangsgrangCD, DK, DS. give as the present to sgrong sgradsgradDK. gives as the present of bsgrad sgralsgralCD. 1. To cut into small pieces, viz. the picture of an enemy one wishes to destroy (Ja). 2. To pass over or travel upon a river or sea CD. sgrigsgrigTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrigsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgrigTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrigsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrigCD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'grig(Chang 1971: vii.19), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).gral duTD, go rim sogs LZ, cho ga dang bral la ND. To arrange in order or row, to lay or put in order, to arrange, adjust; to put or fit together; to join (the separate parts), to compile (books), to stitch close [sic](books etc.) CD. To put in order; to arrange or to rectify DK. 1. To arrange in a certain plain, order. 2. To collect in one place. 3. To mutually agree, be in one house DS. 1. To arrange, to put in order, to align. 2. To compile, to collect, to edit, to assemble, to join together TC. sgrinsgrinLZ, DK, DS (archaic), TC. bsgrindLZ, DK. bsgrin DS, TC.bsgrinLZ, DK, DS, TC.sgrindLZ, DK. sgrinDS, TC.DS, TC. TC.phan tshunLZ. To have a competition; to cause to compete or to compare DK. (archaic) To contest for victory DS.To rival, compete with, to compare TC. sgribsgribTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgribsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgribTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgribsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgribCD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'grib(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff)'od sogsTD,zla nyi sogs LZ, yol bas ND. To obscure; to cover, to darken, defile CD. To cover, to hide by covering, to hide DK. To cover, hide, create an obstacle for seeing something DS. To obscure, to cover, to conceal TC. sgrimsgrimTD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsgrimsTD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsgrimTD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. sgrimsTD, LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.TD, ND, CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).grim (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).blo dang skud pa sogsTD, rig pa dang skud pa sogs LZ, rig las skud pa NDB. rig pa las dang skud paNDA. 1. To hold fast; to force or twist together; to endeavor; (Cs.) to squeeze in, crow in, (Sch.) to be confused CD. To concentrate; to exercise the mental power on; to pay attention; to spin or twist the threads together, to entwine DK. 1. To tightly spin (rope, thread &c.). 2. To be intelligent, careful DS. 1. To concentrate, to focus. 2. To twist together TC. sgrilsgrildLZ. sgrilCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrildLZ, ND, DK. bsgrilCD, DS, TC.bsgrilLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrildLZ, ND, DK. sgrilDS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'gril[CD], (Rona-Tas 1978: 359), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). 'khril NWH.thig skud sogsLZ, mar la dang gcig tu ND. To make a roll of, to roll, wrap up; to wind into a spool CD. To fold, to wrap up; to cause to fold or roll up; to combine DK. 1. To make something roll. 2. To roll up, make into a ball. 3. To twist, braid, spin (rope and thread) DS. 1. To twist, to wind. 2. To combine, to muster. 3. To stuff. 4. To barter, to convert currency, to exchange currency, exchange merchandise. 5. (math) To convert lower digits into higher numeric places TC.(Rona-Tas 1978: 359) calls 'dril 'to be turned, rolled round, twisted into a thing.' the 'passive' of this verb, in addition he suggests a connection to the adjective hril po 'round, globular, close, dense' and the noun ril ba 'scroll'. sgrugsgrugLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrugsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrugLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrugsLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrugCD.CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.](Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 276).rdo ba sogsLZ, shing sogsND. To collect, gather, pluck, pick CD. To collect; to pick up DK. 1. To gather, collect. 2. (in some dialects) To take care of, preserve DS. To pick up, to gather, to collect TC. sgrungsgrungCD, DK, DS, TC. bsgrungsCD, DK, DS, TC.bsgrungCD, DK, DS, TC.sgrungsDK, DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To mix, to invert, to feign (Cs.) CD. To cause to purify DK. To absorb, having been wet in water DS. To dissolve TC. sgrunsgrunLZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrundLZ, ND, DK. bsgrunCD, DS, TC.bsgrunLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrundLZ, ND, DK. sgrunDS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.'gran[CD].yon tan sogs phan tshunLZ, 'bran pa'i ND. 1. To resound; to reply in the same tone; to rival. 2. To compare; emulate, vie, contend with (Cs.) CD. To have competition; to compete; to compare DK. To compete, rival DS. To rival, to compare TC. sgrubsgrubKYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrubsKYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrubKYT, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrubsKYT, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrubCD.KYT, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC, (Gyurme 1992: 247),[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'grub[CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).cho sgrub sogsTD, cho ga dang tshe sgrub sogsLZ, bya ba chos sogs ND. To complete, finish, carry out, accomplish CD. To carry out; to accomplish; to perform DK. 1. To do an action. 2. To judge the truth, having presented arguments and scriptural citations. 3. To take on the means of religion DS. 1. To attain, to do, to perform, to carry out, to execute. 2. To procure, to gain to acquire through effort. 3. (logic) To prove, to affirm, to establish, to establish a proof. 4. (math) To calculate, to find the value of, to make. 5. To attain, to practice religion, to perfect TC. sgresgreLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgresLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgreCD.bsgreLZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgresLZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.'gre(Chang 1971: vii.19), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).rigs pas gong 'og sogsLZ, rigs ND. To repeat; to put or place in order; put together; collate CD. To yoke; to apply the same method DK. 1. To compare a known situation in order to know a similar situation. 2. To churn something inside a liquid (such as water) DS. To collate, to juxtapose, to assimilate TC. sgregsgregCD. sgregsCD. To belch CD. sgrengsgrengTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgrengsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgrengTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrengsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrengCD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'greng[CD], (Chang 1971: vii.19), [Coblin 1986], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Beyer 1992: 116), (Duff).rgyal mtshanTD, rgyal mtshan sogsLZ, rgyal mtshan dar sogsND. To lift, hoist, rise up CD. To make stand up, to make erect DS. To erect, to raise up, to hoist TC. sgrosgroCD, DS. bsgrosCD, DS.bsgroCD, DS.sgroCD, bsgrosDS.CD, DS.DS, TC. To debate, discuss, chatter freely CD. 1. 'go bar bya pa'i [to make into a head], e.g. 'go nad mi la ma bsgo. 2. To speak to others (e.g. a teacher to students) DS. sgrog1sgrogKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgragsKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgragKYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgrogsKYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. sgragCD. sgragsCD.KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).grags(Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff).dam tshig dang dril buTD, dam tshig dang bka' shog sogs LZ, skad sgra ND. To call, shout forth, publish, proclaim, declare CD. To read; to announce; to declare; to proclaim, promulgate DK. 1. To make a large noise. 2. To make known to all by speaking from the mouth or presenting in writing DS. To call out, to shout out, to roar, to proclaim, to read aloud TC. sgrog2sgrogDK, DS, TC. bsgrogsDK, DS, TC.bsgrogDK, DS, TC.sgrogsDK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To mend; to re-stitch DK. To bind with a rope &c. the feet and hands of men and cattle DS. 1. To sew, to stitch. 2. To tie, to fasten, to attach TC. sgrongsgrong TD, LZ, ND, TC. sgrangCD, DK, DS. bsgrangsTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.bsgrangTD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrongCD. sgrongsTD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC. TC.bgrangNWH. grangs dang phreng ba sogsTD,gzhan gyis grangs sogsLZ, grangs suND. To enumerate; to reckon up separately CD. To make someone count DK. To count, calculate, find out by working with numbers DS. To deem, to consider, to estimate, to count TC. sgrodsgrodLZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bsgrodLZ, ND, TC.bsgrodLZ, ND, TC.sgrodLZ, ND, TC.TC. TC.bgrod[CD], [DS].phan tshunLZ, lam laNDB, shing khams lam sogsNDA. (rare) To go CD. (in some dag yig 'spelling primers' a way of spelling bgrod) 1. To go. 2. 'dod spyadDS. To engage in sexual intercourse TC. sgronsgronCD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsgronCD, DS, TC. bsgrondND, DK.bsgronCD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sgrondND. bsgrondDK. sgronDS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.na bza'ND. To cover, lay over, adorn, decorate; to light, kindle CD. To cause to wear or put on DK. 1. To set on fire. 2. (honorific) To ornament with ornaments, have wear attire DS. 1. (honorific) To offer. 2. (honorific) To wear. 3. (honorific) To report. 4. (honorific) To lay out, to set out. 5. To light a fire, to kindle, to ignite, to set fire to TC. sgrolsgrolKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsgralKYT, CD, DS, TC.bsgraldKYN, TD, LZ, DK. bsgralKYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. sgrolKYT, KYN, DS, TC. sgrold TD, LZ, DK.KYT, KYN, TD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).grol(Gyurme 1992: 259). rgal [Beyer 1992: 85]dgra dang 'khor baTD, dgra bo dang 'khor ba sogs las LZ. To save, rescue, deliver; to set free; to liberate CD. To save, rescue; to set free; to liberate DK. 1. To set free from (fear &c.). 2. To sentence to death DS. To liberate, to free, to deliver, to release, to cross over TC. brgyagsbrgyagsDS.brgyags[DS].brgyags[DS].DS. 1. To be satisfied with food and drink. 2. (of bodily flesh) To be fatty, corpulent DS. Compare rgyags brgyalbrgyalLZ, CD, DS, TC. rgyalDK.brgyaldLZ, DK.brgyal[DS], TC.brgyalLZ, DK, [DS], TC.brgyalLZ. rgyaldDK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.dug sogs kyisLZ. 1. To fall down senseless; to lie senseless, to sink down unconscious, to faint. 2. To howl, of a fox (Sch.) CD. To become unconscious; to faint; to become weary; to tire DK. To become unconscious; to faint; to become weary; to tire DS. To faint, to become unconscious TC. brgyudrgyud[CD], DK. brgyud LZ, DS, TC.brgyudLZ, [CD], DK, [DS], TC.brgyudLZ, DK, [DS], TC.rgyudDK. - TC. brgyud LZ.TC. (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. DS.gcig la gcig LZ. To descend; to send, arrive by way of; to do indirectly; to continue without interruption DK. 1. (trans.) To pass many stages. 2. (intr.) A. To pass through a place on one's way somewhere else. B. To transmit consecutively DS.To pass through, to conduct, to transmit, to pass down, to hand down, through care of, by way of TC. bsgombsgomND. bgomsND.bgomND.bkomsND.ND.gom pasND. a baffling list of principal parts, presumably he has conflated sgom, and bgom. bsgyingsbsgyingsTC gives as the present to sgying. bsgrangbsgrangCD.grangNWH. To cause to get cold CD. bsgradsgradDK. bsgradLZ, CD, [DS], TC.bsgradLZ, DK, TC.bsgradLZ, DK, TC.bsgradLZ.sgradDK. bsgrodTC.TC. TC.bgradNWH.mig sogsLZ. To open wide CD. To cause to open (eyes, mouth &c.) DK. To open the eyes wide (alternate orthography of bgrad) DS. 1. To open wide. 2. To set apart, to spread open TC. bsgralbsgralCD. To pass, cross over CD. perhaps a specialization of sgrol, or a varient of rgal.
nga ngar ngar DK, DS, TC. ngard DK. ngar [DS], TC. ngar DK, [DS], TC.ngard DK. - TCTC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To strengthen the mental power; to be vigorous; to be active DK. To become increasingly hot DS. To be encouraged, to be inspired, to be stimulated, to be excited, to be inflamed TC. ngal ngal LZ, CD, DK, TC. ngald LZ, DK. ngal TC. ngal LZ, DK, TC.ngald LZ, DK. - TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). lus sogs LZ. To be fatigued, wearied, prostrate with exercise of the body CD. To feel tired; to be weary DK. To be tired, to be exhausted TC. ngu ngu LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. ngus LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. ngu LZ, DK, DS, TC.ngu LZ. ngus DK, DS, TCDS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. nyam thag pa sogs kyis LZ. To cry, weep CD. To cry; weep DK. 1. To shed tears and make a noise of suffering because of pain, illness, or sadness. 2. To make a noise like crying, sobbing DS. To weep, to cry TC. ngur ngur CD, DS, TC. ngur [DS], TC. ngur [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS, TC. sngur [CD]. To grunt (of pigs and yaks) CD. For a yak or dri to make a sound DS. To grunt (used of pigs and cattle) TC. nger nger TC. nger TC. nger TC. - TC.TC. TC.(li yung khrang 1988). To growl, to snarl, to roar (used of dogs and so forth) TC. nges nges LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. nges LZ, DK, [DS], TC. nges LZ, DK, [DS], TC.nges LZ, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). blo la LZ. To be the sum of a mathematical calculation, i.e. to hold it as a certain result CD. To be confirmed; to be certain DK. 1. To hold in mind having come to know. 2. To decide, resolve DS. To determine, to ascertain, to be certain; (preceded by a verb) will, would certainly do; to must, to ought to [sic] TC. ngom ngom CD, DK, DS, TC. ngoms CD, DK, TC. ngom [DS]. ngom DK, [DS], TC.ngoms DK, TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To satisfy one's self with gain, to be contented CD. To be satisfied; to be content; to quench DK. To show and make other understand your own qualities and merits DS. To show off TC. ngoms ngoms ND, DS, TC. ngoms ND, [DS], TC. ngoms [DS], TC.- TCTC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To be satisfied, appeased DS. To be satisfied, to be satiated TC. dngang dngang LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. dngangs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. sngangs CD. dngang LZ, DK, DS, TC.dngangs LZ, DK. - DS, TCDS, TC.DS, TC. yid sogs LZ. 1. To be out of breath, to pant, to feel oppressed (e.g. when plunged into cold water, but especially when frightened and terrified). 2. To be frightened, to fear, to be afraid of CD. To suffocate, to be out of breath; to choke, to be frightened DK. Same as sngangsDS. To gasp, to pant [out of fear]. 2. To be afraid, to be terrified TC. Perhaps not to be separated from sngang I have given dngangsND, and sngangsCD in both places. See note at sngang. dngar dngar LZ, CD, DK, TC. dngard LZ, DK. dngar TC. dngar LZ, DK, TC.dngar LZ. dngard DK. - TC.TC.TC. go rim sogs legs par LZ. To put in order, arrange properly CD. To put in order, to put in a line, to arrange properly; to line up or to be in a line DK. To line up, put in rows TC. dngom dngom LZ. dngoms LZ. dngom LZ.ngoms LZ.(Goldstein 2001). yon tan dang nor sogs LZ. To boast, to show off (Goldstein 2001). mngag mngag LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mngags LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mngag LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. mngag LZ. - ND. mngags DK, DS. mngogs TCND.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227), (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Erg. Obl. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227). gzhan du LZ, las la ND. To commission, charge, send, delegate (a messenger commissary &c). CD. To send a delegate or a message; to give instructions, to keep as a servant DK. To entrust, commit someone to go to do an action DS. 1. To entrust, to assign, to commission, to appoint. 2. To send, to dispatch TC. mngan mgan CD. To curse, to execrate (Ja) CD.(Stein 1942: 317-218) connects this with the adjective ngan 'evil'. He notices the alternate spelling ma ngan 'accursed' of a nominal use in Gesar, and suggests mngan is a contraction of mo ngan 'evil woman.' Other dictionaries DS, TC list the word only as an archaic noun 'sin, fault.' mnga'1 mnga' CD, ND, DK, DS. mnga' ND, DK. mnga' DK.mnga' DK.[Abs. Obl.] 'to have dominion over' (Hackett 2003). [Obl. Abs.] 'to have' (Hackett 2003). 1. To own, possess. 2. (honorific) To be, exist CD. To own, possess; to have something in mind, to have knowledge of; to remember DK. To be (yod), to have (ldan) DS. mnga'2DS. To be (yod), to have (ldan) DS. mngar mngar LZ. mngar LZ. mngar LZ.mngar LZ.(Hoshi 2003). bza' ba'i ro sogs LZ. [To be ] sweet(Hoshi 2003). mngon mngon LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mngond LZ, DK. mngon ND, [DS], TC. mngon LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC.mngond LZ, DK. - ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). rtags mtshan sogs LZ, mthong ba'i ND. To be evident, to appear clearly CD. To manifest, to observe, to become visible DK. To become clear DS. To become clear, to become visible, to become evident, to appear TC. rnga rnga KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brngad [CD]. brngas KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brnga KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.rngos KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). btsas ma sogs TD, rtswa dang btsas ma sogs LZ, btsas ma ND. To mow, reap, cut with a sickle CD. To mow, reap; cup with a sickle; harvest DK. To cut down grain DS. To cut, mow, harvest TC. rngan rngan LZ, CD, ND, DK, TC. rngon DS. brngand LZ, ND, DK. brngan CD, DS, TC brngan LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rngan LZ, DK. rgnond ND. rngon DS, TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. mchod pa dang nor sogs LZ, gla rdan ND. To pay hire to, to pay wages or remuneration; (sometimes) to bribe, corrupt (rngan) CD. To honor, worship (brngan) CD. To reward; to award; to give a present, to give a prize; to bribe DK. To give a person salary for work performed DS. To bribe TC. rngab1 rngab CD, DK, [DS], TC. brngabs DK, TC. brngab [CD]. brngab DK, TC.rngabs DK. - TC.TC.TC. 1. To be hungry, to be greedy, have a craving appetite. 2. (cf. rnam) to crave, to desire earnestly; acc (Ja) CD. To feel greedy; to crave DK. (archaic) To be hungry DS. 1. To be hungry. 2. To be greedy for, to crave for, to have an appetite for TC. rngab2 rngab CD 3. (In West) To mow, reap, cut down with a sickle CD. Compare rnga rngab3rngabDS. gives as the present of sngab rngam rngom LZ, ND, (TC). rngam CD, DK, DS, TC. brngams LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. brngam LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.rngams DK. rngom LZ. rngoms ND, DS. - TC.ND, DS. TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). lus srog sogs la LZ. dgra dang las la ND. 1. To rage at; be furious; devastate. 2. To breathe violently, to pant for, to desire ardently CD. To feel greedy, to crave DK. To be angry DS. To want, to crave, to be desirous of. 2. To be hostile, to be ferocious TC. rngam rngam DS. rngam [DS]. rngams [CD]. rngam [DS].DS. To hunger, crave [CD]. To thirst for, crave DS. rngub rngub LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, DS, TC. brngubs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brngub LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rngubs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. du ba sogs LZ, kha sna ru ND. To draw in, inhale, breathe in CD. To breathe, to inhale, sniff DK. To draw inside the mouth (breath, smoke &c.) DS. To sip, to inhale, to breath in TC. rngul1 rngul LZ, DK, DS, TC. rnguld LZ, DK. rngul [DS], TC. rngul LZ, DK, [DS], TC.rnguld LZ, DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC. sman dang dub pas LZ. To perspire DK. To sweat, perspire DS, TC. rngul2 rngul CD, DK brngul CD. brnguld DK. brngul DK.rnguld DK.rngul1[DK] To sweat, perspire CD. To cause to perspire DK. rngo rngo CD. To be able (Cs.) CD. rngod rngod TD, CD, DS, TC rngo (TD), ND, DK, TC. rngos (TD) brngos TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. brngod [CD] brngod TD, CD, DS, TC . brngo (TD), (CD Ja, Cs.), ND, DK, TC.rngos TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. rngod CD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC., (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 227).ngho(macron)o(grave) (Chang 1971: ii.5, see note). nas sran sogs TD, yos ND. To parch (barley, wheat, or rice); to bruise, to roast; to fry (e.g. meat in a pan) (rngod)CD. (barley) To be cropped (Situ 77) (brngod) CD. To roast barley, fry meat, &c. DK. Having put (foot &c.) in a frying pan to heat and cook DS. To parch, to roast, to fry TC. The spoken Tibetan non-causative nghoo has no written Tibetan correspondent, and may be a secondary derivative, formed by analogy to such pairs as par 'to cause to be increased', phar 'to be increased' (Chang 1971: ii.5). rngod rngod TD, [CD?], DK, TC. brngod TD, CD, DK, TC. brngod TD, DK, TC.brngod TD, DK, TC.TD, TC. TC. gzhan sgyu babs kyis dring pa TD. (acc. to Cs.) To desire (rngod) CD. To seduce, deceive (Situ 75) (brngod pf.)CD. to seduce; deceive DK. To delude, deceive TC. rngon rngon LZ, DK, DS, TC. brngond LZ, DK. brngon CD, DS, TC. brngon LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC.rngon LZ, DS, TC. rngond DK.DS, TC.DS, TC. ri dwags sogs LZ. 1. To pursue wild beasts, to hunt. 2. To seduce, especially to sensual indulgences (Ja) CD. To hunt; to chase wild animals for killing DK. To catch and slay a beast DS. To hunt TC. rngon2rngon DS gives as the present of rngan. rngob rngob CD. To do, to be able (vide rngo) CD. rngomrngomLZ, ND, (TC). give as the present of rngam. snga snga CD, DS. sngas CD. snga [DS]. snga [DS].(Hoshi 2003).DS. To be the first, to come first, to be beforehand CD. To happen at a certain early time DS. sngagsngagCD, DS. give as the present of bsngags sngang sngang DK, DS. dngang ND. sngangs CD, DK, DS. bsnangs ND. sngang DK, DS. bsngang ND.sngangs ND, DK. - ND. sngongs DS.DS.ND.DS, TC. skrag pa'i (-) ND. bred pa'i (sngangs) ND. 1. To be out of breath, to pant, to feel oppressed (e.g. when plunged into cold water, but especially when frightened and terrified). 2. To be frightened, to fear, to be afraid of CD. To fear; frighten; suffocate DK. To be suddenly afraid DS.ND lists this verb twice, his conjugation seems unlikely but compare sbyin / byin. I would like to see three verbs: (1) sngang, sngangs, sngang, sngnags (2) sngang, bsngangs, bsngang, sngangs, (3) dngang, dngangs, dngang, dngangs but the evidence does not warrant. sngab sngab DS. rngab (DS). sngab [DS]. rngab [(DS)]. sngab [DS]. rngab [(DS)].DS. To very much crave DS. sngam sngam LZ, DS. bsngam LZ. sngam [DS]. sngam LZ, [DS].sngam LZ.DS. dbugs sogs LZ. To breath deeply DS. sngal sngal DK. bsngal CD. bsngald DK. bsngal DK.sngald DK.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be faint or exhausted (Cs.) CD. To exhaust, to cause to be weary DK. sngassngasDK. gives as the present of bsngas. sngur sngur LZ, CD. bsngurd LZ. sngur LZ.sngurd LZ. ngur [CD]. gnyid kyis LZ. To snore CD. sngo1 sngo KYT, KYN, TD, CD (Cs.), ND, DK, DS, TC. sngod CD. bsngos KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsngo KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.sngos KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). rge rtsa sogs TD, dge ba ND. I. To bless, pronounce benedictions. 2. To design, intend (sngo) CD. To make a firm resolve to go the way of Nirvana, or do any act of piety (bsngos) CD. To dedicate one's virtue; to transfer, multiply DK. 1. To give or send with the mind. 2. To explain the reason DS. To calculate, to enumerate, to estimate, to investigate TC. sngo2 sngo CD (Cs.), DK, TC. sngod CD. bsngos CD, DK, TC. bsngo CD, DK, TC.sngos CD, DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC. To become green CD. To make blue DK. To become blue or black TC. sngog sngog LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsngogs LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. bsngog LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC. sngogs LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.ND, CD, DS, TC, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003). skyon dang mtshang sogs LZ, 'khrugs pa'i skyo ND, smyu gu snag tshar NDB, snyu gu snag tshar NDA. To vex, annoy, cause petty irritation, disturb from rest CD. To excavate, search; find out, discover a mistake DK. 1. To speak critically (mtshang dang skyon rjen par bshad pa) 2. To dig, excavate DS. To rummage through, to search, to empty out, to extract TC. sngogsngogND gives as the present of bsngag. brngad brngad CD. brngab (CD def. 1) 1. To crop barley. 2. To tempt (Situ 77). 3. To seduce deceitfully (a woman or man) (Sch.); to draw out; distill; extract the juice of CD. brngabbrngabCD. gives as a present of brngad brngog brngog CD. To point out another's faults; seek out faults; to search for a lost article CD. probably a xylograph error for bsngog future of sngog. bsngags bsngags LZ, DK, TC. sngag CD, DS. sngags CD. sngog ND. bsngags LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bsngags LZ, DK, TC. bsngag CD, ND, DS.bsngags LZ, DK, TC. sngog CD. sngogs ND, DS. CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).ngag 'speech, talk, word' (Chang 1971: ii.4). yon tan dang bkas LZ, bstod pa'i ND. To praise, commend, extol, recommend CD. To praise, eulogize DK. To speak well of a man, deed, or thing DS. To praise, to eulogize, to glorify TC. bsngas sngas DK. bsngas CD, DS. bsngas, DK. {DS]. bsngas DK, [DS].sngas DK.DS.ngas 'pillow, cushion'NWH. To place the head or body upon a cushion, to recline CD. To rest on a pillow; to lean on or support DK. One's own body not falling down is supported by another object DS.
ca can can DS. To have, posses DS.DS is wrong to think of this as a verb, rather than a nominal suffix NWH. cercer LZ. gives as the present of 'cher. cog cog CD. To have leisure CD.DS, and [Li shi'i gur khang] consider this to be particle added to the reduplicating a sentence final particle, meaning tham cad 'all' or yod tsad 'quality' cong cong CD. To raise wailings, loud lamentations CD.CD probably infers this verb from the word gcong skad 'a cry, lamentation' which may also be spelled cong skad. gcar1 gcar LZ, DS. bcard LZ. bcar DS. gcar LZ, DS.gcord LZ. gcor DS.DS.DS. gam du LZ. In the presence of, near to DS. gcar2 gcar DS. gcar DS. gcar DS.gcor DS.DS.DS. To hit or strike DS. gcal gcal CD. To spread, display; lay out (e.g. precious stones, jewels on a table or the ground (Ja)). CD.probably the substantive gcal 'flat, surface'. gci gci LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. gcid CD. gcis LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bcis (DK). gci LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bci (DK).gci LZ, DK. gcis CD, (DK), DS, TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.gcin 'urine'NWH. gcin LZ. To discharge urine, to make water; to piss CD. To urinate DK, DS, TC . Root gci (= gtoei) < *gtsyi < *g-tsi < *tsi (Beyer 1992: 83). gcir gcir DS, TC. bcir DS. gcir TC. gcir DS, TC.chir DS. gcir TC.DS, TC.DS, TC. To press flat DS. To squeeze, to press TC (Duff).'chir and 'tshir gcilgcilCD, DS. gcil [DS]. gcil [DS].DS. To spoil, destroy (Sch.) CD. To cut (meat &c.) with a knife DS. gcis gcis ND. gcis ND. NDAA seems to have gces, a carvo. ND. a variant present for gci? gcu gcu LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. gcud CD, DK. gcus LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bcus ND. lcus CD. gcu LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. lcu CD.cus LZ, ND. 'chus DK. gcus DS, TC.ND, DC, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. ske dang gyas gyon du LZ, lag pas ND. To squeeze, strain, whirl, turn round like the twisting of a screw (gcud) CD. To turn, to turn round, to twist, to twine, to plate, to braid (gcu) CD. To twist, to turn aside DK. To make something change from being straight DS. To twist around, to wring, to screw in TC (Duff). gcugs gcugs LZ, DS. gcugs LZ, [DS]. gcugs LZ, [DS].gcugs LZ.DS.DS. mdza' grogs sogs dang LZ. 1. (intrans.) To be emotionally close, in harmony. 1. (trans.) To love DS. gcud gcud DS. gcud [DS]. gcud [DS]. DS. To wrap, enclose inside of something DS. gcungcunCD, ND give as a present of 'jun gcur gcur LZ, ND, TC. bcur CD. 'jur DS. 'chur [TC]. gcurd LZ. bcurd ND. bcur DS, TC. gcur LZ, ND, DS. bcur TC.churd LZ. curd ND. chur DS, TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. phug dang dka' sar LZ, phug tu ND. 1. To be flattened down (Sch.). 2. (colloquial) To bar, obstruct, block up by snow obstructing a roadCD. To become helpless DS. 1. To squeeze into, inside some place. 2. To be trapped, helpless TC (Duff). Compare 'jur and 'churd gcus gcus CD. To interfere, to meddle with (Nag) CD. gcemgcemDK. gives as the present of bcem gcer gcer DK. bcard DK. bcar DK.gcerd DK. To squash, squeeze DK. Compare bcer gces gces LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC. gces LZ, ND, DK, [DS], TC. gces LZ, DK, [DS], TC.gces LZ, DK. - ND, TC.ND, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). rang gzhan la LZ. To have attachment, to love CK. To feel sympathy or pity for DS. To value, cherish, prize, respect TC. gcog gcog LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcag LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gcog LZ, DS. gcag ND, DK, TC.gcog LZ. cog ND, CD, TC. chogs CD, DK, DS, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 'chag [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259). sgo nga dang rdo sogs LZ, rdo sogs ND. To break, to burst asunder, to cleave, to split, blast, to violate CD. To break, split DK. 1. To break something hard into many pieces. 2. To recover from illness. 3. To not respect, not comply, not agree to. 4. To make fewer DS. 1. To break, split, fragment. 2. To oppress, to suppress. 3. To reduce, deduct, lower. 4. To contradict, to break a pledge, to disobey TC. gcong gcong CD. bshongs CD. 1. To excavate, wash out, undermine through the action of water. 2. To get faint, languid wearied in mind (Ja) CD. Compare gshong gcod gcod KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcad KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gcad KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.chod KYT, KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. gcod CD.KYT, KYN, TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003).'chad [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). shing sogs TD, srog dang don thag sogs LZ, gri tshar stangs dang nam 'phang tha ga dang mcams khrims sogs ND. To cut, to cut asunder, to cut down, to fell; (variety of metaphorical uses) stop, hinder, judge, avoid, lock, to wake from sleep CD. To hew or cut; to decide a case DK. 1. To cut a long thing into a short one. 2. To settle, determine. 3. To follow pursue something gone earlier. 4. To examine a circumstance and come to have knowledge. 5. To sever, stop, cut off. 6. To quite (a bad habit &c.). 7. To block, obstruct. 8. To kill. 9. To break off a previous mutual connection. 10. To annihilate, get rid of. 11. To arrive at a goal. 12. To understand a profound meaning having analyzed and argued. 13. To block of the end (of a hole &c.) by stuffing in something round DS. 1. To cut, to shear, to shave off. 2. To kill. 3. To intervene, to interrupt. 3. To give up, to abandon, to stop, to break off. 5. To close, to block off, to impede. 6. To establish, to determine. 7. To implement, to execute, to exact. 8. To explore, to investigate, to pursue. 9. To differentiate, to discriminate, to scrutinize, to analyze, to discern. 10. To traverse, to arrive after a journey TC. gcomgcomLZ, ND, DS, TC. gcomsLZ. bcam ND. bcams DS, TC. 'chams DS. gcom LZ, bcamNDB, TC.gcam NDA. bcomDS.coms LZ. 'choms ND, DS. gcoms TC.ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. gros sogs LZ, gros ND. (archaic) To negotiate DS. To promise, to make a promise or contract TC. gcor gcor LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcor LZ. bcard LZ, ND. bcar [CD], DK, DS, TC. gcar LZ, DK, DS, TC. bcar LZ, ND.gcord LZ, DK. bcord LZ. cord NDA. chord NDB. chor DS. gcor TC.ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. sku mdun sogs su (gcor) LZ, mig sogs (bcor) LZ, mig sogs ND. To spread, scatter, disperse (Cs.) (gcor) CD. 1. To squeeze to press. To crowd, to throng. 2. To pull or force down, to wrest (bcar) CD. To maker closer, to cause to meet DK. To squash, squish DS. 1. To go to meet, to approach, to draw near. 2. To crush, to squeeze TC. gcol gcol TC. gcol TC. gcol TC.gcol TC.TC.TC.'chol (Duff). To scatter, to disperse, to cause disruption TC. bcas bcas DS. bcas [DS]. bcas [DS].DS. [Abs. Ass.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 368). To have DS. bca'bca' DS gives as the preset of 'chos1 bcirbcirLZ. gives as the present of 'chir bcubcuLZ,CD. give as the present of 'chu bcum bcum CD. (= bskum also bzung) 1. To become contracted. 2. (acc. Sch.) To use artifices; to chicane CD. bcurbcur CD. gives as the present of gcur. bcembcemLZ, TC. 'chems CD (archaic). gcem DK. bcemsLZ, CD, DK, TC.bcemLZ, CD, DK, TC.bcem LZ. gcems DK. bcems TC.TC.TC. so yis bca' ba sogs LZ. To chew (Medical, Ja) CD. To crush with teeth; to squash or press together DK. To chew TC. bcer gcer [CD], bcer CD, DS, TC. bcer TC. bcer TC.TC. TC. 1. To heap, to pile up; collect in one place. 2. To glare at. 3. (colloquial = bcir) to squeeze, press CD. (archaic) To heap, pile up DS. To heap, to pile up TC. Root bcer < *btyer < *bter (Beyer 1992: 84) cf. gter 'treasure.' bcobcoCD. bcos CD.bcos CD. (properly the root of the future tense of 'chos, but in the West the usual word for byed) To make, to perform CD. bcogbcogCD. To reduce, cut down CD. bcorbcor LZ. gives as the present of gcor lcigslcigsDS, TC. lcigs [DS], TC. lcigs [DS], TC.- TC.TC.DS TC. To be able, capable DS.To understand, realize TC. lceb lceb LZ, CD, DS, TC. lcebs LZ, DS, TC. lceb LZ, DS, TC.lcebs LZ, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. brag gyang sogs la LZ. 1. To kill oneself, to commit suicide. 2. (used of insects that fly into a flame) CD. To end ones own life DS. To commit suicide (especially by jumping off a high place), to take one's own life TC. lcogs lcog CD. lcogs CD, DS, TC. lcogs DK, [DS], TC. lcogs DK, [DS], TC.lcogs DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC. 1. To be agitated, shaken, to tremble. 2. To be able CD. To be able, capable DS. To have time for or to have time to. 2. To handle, to be able to cope TC.
chacha chas LZ, DS, TC. cha CD, DK, (TC). chas LZ, CD (see def.), DK, [DS], TC. cha LZ, DK. chas [DS], TC.chos LZ. chas DK. - TC.TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). gzhan du LZ. 1. To adorn, bedeck, wear (S. Lex). 2. (archaic) To go away, to start, to leave (a place) (cha) CD. (chas, originally the past of cha but always used as a separate verb) 1. To set forth, depart. 2. To prepare for, to set about, to start (chas) CD.To go, to compose DK. To go on a path DS. To go, to set out, to depart TC. Ja. gives this as the normal verb 'go' in the west, the past and imperative song having replaced chas. chagchag TC gives as the present of 'chag chags1 chags LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. chags LZ, DK, [DS], TC. chags LZ, DK, [DS], TC. chags LZ, DK. - TC.TC, [Hoshi 2003].DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 'dod yon la LZ. 1. To be fond of, to be attached to, to love; to cling to. 2. To be begotten, produced CD. To be attached to, to rest upon, to love, to lust DK. To become attached to, to be loyal to etc. DK. To become desirous, to feel loyal &c. DS. 1. To be attached to, to be in love. 2. To be situated, to be settled TC. chags2 chags TC. chags TC. chags TC.- TC.TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117), (Hoshi 2003). TC. [Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 117). To become, to occur, to form, to be created, to come into being TC. chags3 chags (Takeuchi 1995: 49). (Takeuchi 1995: 49). [Abs All.] (Takeuchi 1995: 49). A loan of (something abs.) was made to (someone all.) (Takeuchi 1995: 49). Takeuchi appears to understand this verb as a specialization of the preceding. chags4 chags (Takeuchi 1995: 49). (Takeuchi 1995: 49). [Erg. Abl. Abs.] (Takeuchi 1995: 49). (in Old Tibetan) To borrow (something abs.) from (someone abl.) (Takeuchi 1995: 49). as frequently occurs in Old Tibetan the allative can substitute for the ablative in this construction (Takeuchi 1995: 49). chad chad CD. 1. To open, to separate, liberate, to give out. 2. To promise, bind one's self. 3. To be descended from; to be born of or with (generally with nas or las) CD. chaschas LZ, DS, TC. give as the present to cha chibschibs ND. gives as the present to 'chib chugchugDK. chugsDK.chugDK.chugsDK.(Hoshi 2003).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To come under; to be included DK. To allow (Hackett 2003). To be able to distinguish, tell the difference (Hoshi 2003). chud chud CD, DS, TC. 'chud DK. chud DK, [DS], TC. 'chud DK. chud [DS], TC.chud DK.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To get into, to enter, to put into, insert CD. To get in; to be included, admitted DK. 1. To fit, hold inside. 2. To congregate in. 3. To be certain, confident in mind. 4. To finish preparations DS. 1. To be included, to get into, to be inserted. 2. To understand. 3. To fit, to hold, to have room TC. Compare 'jud chun chun CD. To bunch or bundle together CD. chub chub ND, DS, TC. chub [ND], [DS], TC. chub [ND], [DS], TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. To understand, comprehend DS. To be perfected, to have perfect comprehension, to comprehend, to master TC. chum chum CD (archaic), TC. chum [TC]. chum [TC].TC. To be frightened, also to shrink CD. To shrink in fear, to cower TC. che che CD. ches CD.(Hoshi 2003). [To be great] CD.Root che (= toehe) < *thye < *the (Beyer 1992: 83). ches ches TC. ches TC. ches TC.- TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003). TC. To believe (used with yid) TC. chog1 chog CD, DK, TC. chog DK, TC. chog DK, TC.chog DKTC, (Hoshi 2003). TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To be permitted, to be allowable (in books generally with the instrumental particle). 2. To suffice, to be sufficient CD. To be permissible; to be allowed DK. 1. To be sufficient, to suffice, to be enough. 2. To be suitable, to be fit for, to be ready, to be able, to be permitted, to be allowed TC. chog2 chog DS. To be suitable, appropriate, acceptable DS. chod chod CD, DK, DS, TC. chod DK, [DS], TC. chod DK, [DS], TC.chod DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS. TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 1.To be cut off. 2.To be decided, settled fixed. 3. To cover over, to put into shade CD. To cut off; to be decided DK. 1. (of an action) To be able to perform it. 2. To cut off DS. To be cut off, to be separated, to be broken off TC. chom chom CD, TC. chom TC. chom TC.- TC.TC. TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be finished, accomplished (in West, Ja) CD. To be subdued, to be vanquished, to be overcome, to be beaten down TC. mchi mchi LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mchis LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mchi LZ, DK, DS, TC.mchi LZ. mchis DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). skyabs 'og sogs su LZ. (elegant) To come, to go CD. To take refuge, shelter, to take asylum, to go for protection DK. To go or come DS. (archaic) To go TC. mchid mchid LZ. mchid LZ. mchid LZ.mchid LZ. 'phros pa 'os rigs LZ. possibly a variant of mched. mchis mchis [CD],DK, TC. mchi DS. mchis DK, DS. mchis DK. mchi DS.mchis DK.DS.[Obl. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). To be; to have DK. To exist, posses, to stay DS. To be, to exist TC. as a copula verb stems should not be differentiated. mched mched LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mched LZ, [ND], DK, [ND], TC. mched LZ, [ND], DK, [ND], TC.mched LZ, DK. - [ND], TC.[ND], TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). me lce sogs LZ. To spread, gain ground, increase, multiply (seldom used except for fire, plague &c.) CD. To spread over, to increase DK. To rapidly grow greater, spread DS. To spread, to increase, to become widespread TC. mchog mchog ND. mchog [ND]. mchog [ND].- [ND][ND] Probably a verbal use of the adjective 'excellent, fine'. mchong mchong LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mchongs LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. mchong LZ, DK, DS, TC.mchong LZ. mchongs DK, DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. brag gyang sogs la LZ. 1. To leap, jump. 2. To bathe in water CD. To jump; leap DK. To leap DS. To jump, to leap, to leap across TC. mchod mchod KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. mchod KYN, LZ, [ND], DK, [DS], TC. mchod KYN, LZ, [ND], DK, [DS], TC.mchod KYN, LZ, DK, TC.KYN, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC. [Erg. Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 137).[Erg. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). lha sogs LZ. To honor, worship CD. To offer, to worship; to respect or praise; to eat DK. 1. To lay out food in remembrance of the dead. 2. To burn in a fire, or scatter to the sky, or spread on high food &c. in a superstitious liturgical procedure thought to make offerings to gods and demons. 3. (in Buddhism) To religiously offer food &c. DS. To offer, to worship, to make offerings. 2. (honorific) To eat, to drink, to wear TC. mchor mchor LZ, ND. mchord LZ. mchor ND. mchor LZ, [ND].mchord LZ. - [ND].[ND]. gos rgyan sogs kyis LZ. To be elegant, well appareled NWH. A verbal use of the adjective. mchol mchol ND. mchol ND. mchol [ND].- [ND].[ND]. 'chag1 'chag KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. chags CD. bcags KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcag KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. chogs KYN, TD, LZ, ND, DK, DS, TC.KYN, TD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). zhabs kyis TD, LZ, ND. To tread, walk, move CD. 1. To walk, to visit. 2. To wash a new cloth DK. To step on, to walk DS. 1. To walk on, to step on, to treat, to visit, to travel. 2. To reduce, to slow down. 3. (dialect) To beat gently, to pat TC. 'chag2 'chag CD, DK, DS. 'cheg CD. chag TC. chag CD, DK, DS, TC. chags CD. 'chag DK, DS. chag TC.chag DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gcog[CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259) 1. To break, be broken. To cut in twain, cleave, split. 2. To abate, beat down from the price CD. To be broken DK. 1. To break apart, be broken. 2. To not do what was to be done at a certain time [i.e. to be interrupted]. 3. To decrease, become less DS. To break, to fragment, to be broken. 2. To be interrupted TC. 'chag3 'chag DS. 'chags DS. 'chag DS.- DS.DS.DS. 1. For one thing to be on top of another thing 2. To cover or stick to the outside of something DS. 'chags bshags LZ. 'chags CD, DK, DS, TC. 'cheg CD. bshags LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. bshags LZ. bshag CD, DS, TC. bshags DK.bshags LZ. shogs (LZ). shog CD, DS. 'chags DK. bshogs TC.CD, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). sdig pa sogs LZ. 1. To explain, lay open. To confess, to acknowledge (Ja). 2. To be afraid of CD. To confess, to lay one's heart open and speak DK. 1. Having recognized and regretted past sins, to commit not to do them. 2. (of water &c.) To move [splash?] DS. To confess, to admit TC. 'chang 'chang TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bcangs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. bcang TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. chongs TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. chong CD.TD, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). yid dang lus la TC. rang sems dang lus la LZ. lag tu ND. 1. To hold, to take hold of, to keep, to bear. 2. To carry, wear. 3. To have, to assume (e.g. body of a goddess). 4. To bite, bark at CD. 1. To hold with the hand. 2. To hold in mind without forgetting DS. To hold, to grasp to seize, to maintain, to assume. 2. To keep in mind, to retain TC. 'chad1 'chad LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. chad LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. chad LZ. 'chad DK, DS, TC.chad LZ, DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).[CD], DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).gcod [CD], (Gyurme 1992: 259), (Duff). srog dang thag pa sogs LZ. 1. To cut into pieces, to decay, to break off, separate, to break asunder. 2. To cease, end, stop, die CD. To be broken off, be cut off; to discontinue; to be tired DK. 1. For a long thing to break into pieces. 2. To separate into many sections. 3. To be omitted, discarded. 4. To degenerate, decay, cease to exit DS. To be interrupted, to be broken, to be cut off. 2. To be incomplete, to be missing TC. Compare (Takeuchi 1995: 223). 'chad2 'chad KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. shod TC. bshad KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bshad KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. shod KYT, KYN, LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. KYT, KYN, CD, ND, DS, TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). chos dang gtam sogs LZ. bon chos gtam ND. To explain CD. To speak, tell, mention DK. 1. To explain verbally. 2. To give an commentary or exegesis. 3. To speak of good and evil DS. To discourse, to teach, to explain, to speak TC. 'chab 'chab LZ, CD (archaic), ND, DK, DS, TC. bcabs LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC. bcab LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.chobs LZ. chob CD. 'chobs ND, TC. 'chabs DK. chobs DS.CD, ND, DS, TC.DS, TC. lhung ba sogs LZ. nyes pa ND. To conceal, to keep secret CD. To conceal, to hide DK. To keep a misdeed secret DS. To conceal, to hide, to keep secret TC. 'cham1 'cham CD, DK, DS. 'chams TC. bcam CD. 'chams DK, DS, TC. 'cham DK, DS. 'chams TC.'chams DK. 'choms DS, TC.DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.](Hackett 2003). To dance CD, DS,TC. To dance; to take a walk DK. 'cham2 'cham CD. 'chams TC. bcam CD. 'chams TC. 'chams TC. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To accord, to agree CD. To get along with, to agree with, to be compatible TC. Root given as 'cham (= '?Sham) < *'thyam < 'tham 'grasp, embrace, join' (Beyer 1992: 84). 'cha'1 'cha'LZ, ND, CD, DK, DS, TC.bcas LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.'chas CD. bca' LZ, CD, ND, DK, DS, TC.chos LZ, CD, ND, DS. 'cha' DK. 'chos TC.CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To draw up, prepare, construct, adjust. 2. (with dam) To make a vow, to promise, assert. 3. (with zhen pa or chags pa) To be attached to CD. 1. To make. 2. To vow, take an oath DK. 1. To resolve, determine (rules &c.) 2. To make a place for staying, supporting.3. To promise, take an oath DS.1. To establish, to draw up, to construct, to invent, to prepare. 2. To uphold, to promise, to keep TC. Compare 'chos. 'cha'2 'cha' TC. bcas TC. bca' TC. - TC.TC.TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To be settled down, to be established, to be set up, to be made TC. 'cha'3 'cha' CD, DS,TC. 'chos DS, TC. 'cha' DS, TC. 'cho DS. 'chos TC. CD, DS, TC.DS, TC.[Erg. Abs.] (Hackett 2003). gnas sogs LZ. gnas dang khrims dam gtor ma ND. To snap at, mangle, gnaw CD. To chew, to gnaw, to bite TC. To chew hard food with the teeth DS. 'char 'char LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. shar LZ, CD, DK, DS, TC. 'char LZ, DK, DS, TC.'char LZ. shard DK. - DS, TC.DS, TC, (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239), (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs.] (Tournadre & Dorje 2003: 239).[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003).shar 'east' NWH. nye zla sogs dang blo la LZ. To arise, to start up, become visible, shine CD. To rise, to start DK. 1. (for the light of sun, moon, or stars) To spread, come out from the snyom thig of the east. 2. For the flower of a fruit tree to bloom. 3. (of a new era) To arrive. 4. To know or remember. 5. To reflect in a mirror &c. DS. 1. To arise, to emerge, to occur, to dawn, to bloom. 2. To become. 3. To recollect. 4. To be calculated, to be given, to be left (made in an arithmetic calculation) TC. 'chal 'chal CD, DS, TC. 'chald DK. chal DK. 'chal [DS], TC. 'chal DK, [DS], TC.chald DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). 1. To loose one's wits, to be confused, to be in disorder. 2. To hesitate, fluctuate in mind, be irresolute. 3. To fornicate, to commit adultery CD. To be out of order, to be disorderly or to be in a state of confusion DK. 1. To deteriorate in good activity of body and speech. 2. To deteriorate in understanding. 3. To be slanted (of a wall face) DS. To lose control, to be or become deranged. 2. (dialect) To tilt, to be unstable. 3. To be promiscuous, to fornicate TC. 'chi 'chi CD, DK, DS, TC. shi CD, DK, DS, TC. 'chi DK, DS, TC.shi DK. - TC.TC, (Hoshi 2003).DS, TC.[Abs. Obl.] (Hackett 2003). To die, to expire, to go out (as light, fire) CD. To die, to end one's life DK. For a life to end DS. 1. To die, to perish. 2. To expire, to die out, to perish TC. 'ching1 'ching KYN, TD, LZ, CD, ND, DS, TC. &apos